青藏高原年楚河流域径流变化特征分析

基于青藏高原河流年楚河1961-2000年天然径流量资料,选用Mann-Kendal分析方法和小波分析等方法对年楚河径流变化特征进行研究。结果表明：年楚河流域径流量年际变化相对平稳,年内分配极不均衡。丰水季节与枯水季节径流量相差悬殊,6-9月径流量占全年65%,最大月径流量占全年百分比达24.56%;在1961-2000年中,年楚河径流量呈现显著增加趋势,在1985年左右径流量发生突变性增加;日喀则和江孜两站5-8年左右时间尺度的周期震荡最显著,其次10-15年左右时间尺度的周期震荡也较为显著,两站径流量变化的主周期分别为5年和7年,次周期分别为13和12年。年楚河流域气温升高引起冰川融水增加可能是年楚河径流量增加的主要原因。     

向海沼泽湿地土壤氮素的空间分布格局

本文运用地统计学方法探讨了吉林省通榆县向海沼泽湿地土壤氮素在植物生长初期的空间分布格局 ,结果表明除铵态氮外 ,其他各形态氮素主要集中分布在表层土壤 ,呈现出由表层向下逐渐减少的趋势。各形态氮素和全氮都具有高度的变异特征 ,其中表层土壤碱解氮的变异最大 ,铵态氮最小 ,变异系数分别为 6 5 6 4%和 4 9 5 1% ;其他各层土壤有机氮、全氮和硝态氮含量的统计变异较大 ,而碱解氮和铵态氮较小 ;有机氮和全氮的空间分布格局具有显著的相似性 ;表层土壤全氮、有机氮和碱解氮的高值区和低值区具有高度的一致性 ;除碱解氮主要集中在土壤表层外 ,其他形态氮素和全氮在土壤较深层次均出现累积峰。     

基于生态地理分区的青藏高原植被覆被变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于1982~2006年GIMMS NDVI数据集和地面气象台站观测数据,分析了青藏高原整个区域及各生态地理分区年均NDVI的变化趋势,并通过偏相关分析研究不同生态地理分区植被覆被变化对气温和降水响应的空间分异特征。研究表明:(1)近25年来,高原植被覆盖变化整体上趋于改善;高原东北部、东中部以及西南部湿润半湿润及部分半干旱地区植被趋于改善,植被覆盖较差的北部、西部半干旱和干旱地区呈现退化趋势;(2)高原植被变化与气温变化的相关性明显高于与降水变化的相关性,说明高原植被年际变化对温度变化更为敏感;(3)高原植被年际变化与气温和降水的相关性具有明显的区域差异,植被覆盖中等区域全年月NDVI与气温和降水的相关性最强,相关性由草甸向草原、针叶林逐步减弱,荒漠区相关性最弱。生长季植被覆盖变化与气温的相关性和全年相关性较一致,降水则不同,生长季期间高原大部分地区植被变化与降水相关性不显著。     

近10 a青藏高原干湿状况及其与植被变化的关系研究

植被是陆地生态系统中最重要、同时也是气候变化最敏感的组分,而高原植被系统行为往往比其他地区能更早、更明显地预兆全球变化。探讨青藏高原区域干湿状况及其与植被变化的关系有助于更好地认识和理解陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应和适应机理,对高原生态安全屏障计划的实施以及全球生态建设有重要意义。基于地面气象台站观测数据和MODIS EVI数据集,2001-2010年生长季干湿状况和植被覆盖的时空变化格局,对青藏高原干湿状况与植被覆盖变化的关系进行了分析与探讨。结果表明：（1）高原整体上呈现由东南向西北渐干的趋势,干旱及半干旱区占高原总面积的67%。10 a间高原有25%的区域在逐渐变干,且南北差异明显;（2）高原生长季EVI的空间格局与干湿格局相近,且东西部界线分明。10 a间高原植被活动由东南向西北整体上呈现“退化-增强-变化不大”的规律;（3）区域干湿程度对EVI空间格局差异有显著影响,特别是在占高原面积44%的半干旱区,两者相关性最大。人为干扰对高原EVI变化的作用不明显,但EVI与干湿程度相关性相对偏小的区域人为干扰程度往往较大;（4）从高原96个气象站点生长季[EVI]对干燥度指数变化的敏感性来看,敏感程度较大的气象站点主要集中在高原东北部、高原中部及雅鲁藏布江中上游区域,60%以上的气象站点随着干旱程度的加深植被呈退化趋势。     

青藏高原湿地研究进展

青藏高原具有全球重要性,是地球表面上很少受人类活动干扰的区域之一,在全球变化研究中被作为先兆区或预警区。青藏高原湿地多为高寒沼泽、高寒沼泽化草甸和高寒湖泊,具有生态蓄水、水源补给、气候调节等重要的生态功能,在防止全球水危机方面起着关键的作用。因此青藏高原湿地在全球变化研究中占有特殊的重要地位,已经引起国内外学者的关注。本文从湿地的类型和分布、湿地土壤、湿地植被、泥炭的形成与演化、湿地动物、古植被古气候、温室气体排放以及湿地退化几个方面对青藏高原湿地研究进行了综述,并提出了未来的重点研究领域。     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异(英文)

Based on the GIMMS AVHRR NDVI data(8 km spatial resolution) for 1982–2000, the SPOT VEGETATION NDVI data(1 km spatial resolution) for 1998–2009, and observational plant biomass data, the CASA model was used to model changes in alpine grassland net primary production(NPP) on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). This study will help to evaluate the health conditions of the alpine grassland ecosystem, and is of great importance to the promotion of sustainable development of plateau pasture and to the understanding of the function of the national ecological security shelter on the TP. The spatio-temporal characteristics of NPP change were investigated using spatial statistical analysis, separately on the basis of physico-geographical factors(natural zone, altitude, latitude and longitude), river basin, and county-level administrative area. Data processing was carried out using an ENVI 4.8 platform, while an ArcGIS 9.3 and ANUSPLIN platform was used to conduct the spatial analysis and mapping. The primary results are as follows:(1) The NPP of alpine grassland on the TP gradually decreases from the southeast to the northwest, which corresponds to gradients in precipitation and temperature. From 1982 to 2009, the average annual total NPP in the TP alpine grassland was 177.2×1012gC yr-1(yr represents year), while the average annual NPP was 120.8 gC m-2yr-1.(2) The annual NPP in alpine grassland on the TP fluctuates from year to year but shows an overall positive trend ranging from 114.7 gC m-2yr-1in 1982 to 129.9 gC m-2yr-1in 2009, with an overall increase of 13.3%; 32.56% of the total alpine grassland on the TP showed a significant increase in NPP, while only 5.55% showed a significant decrease over this 28-year period.(3) Spatio-temporal characteristics are an important control on annual NPP in alpine grassland: a) NPP increased in most of the natural zones on the TP, only showing a slight decrease in the Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The positive trend in NPP in the high-cold shrub-meadow zone, high-cold meadow steppe zone and high-cold steppe zone is more significant than that of the high-cold desert zone; b) with increasing altitude, the percentage area with a positive trend in annual NPP follows a trend of"increasing-stable-decreasing", while the percentage area with a negative trend in annual NPP follows a trend of "decreasing-stable-increasing", with increasing altitude; c) the variation in annual NPP with latitude and longitude co-varies with the vegetation distribution; d) the variation in annual NPP within the major river basins has a generally positive trend, of which the growth in NPP in the Yellow River Basin is most significant. Results show that, based on changes in NPP trends, vegetation coverage and phonological phenomenon with time, NPP has been declining in certain places successively, while the overall health of the alpine grassland on the TP is improving.     

祁连山青海云杉林树线温度特征

树线温度对于解释树线位置及树线形成机理、预测树线对于气候变化的响应具有重要意义。通过在祁连山北坡青海云杉林郁闭林内、树线地带、高山灌丛分布带设置土壤温度自动观测仪器,初步分析了青海云杉林树线温度特征。结果表明:(1)树线处青海云杉根际土壤温度(10cm深度)生长季平均值为4.9℃,低于全球树线生长季平均土壤温度(6.7℃)。(2)生长季长度方面,青海云杉树线(104天)与亚北极(Subarctic,103天)、北方林(Boreal,106天)树线相近。(3)高山灌丛分布带在海拔上高于树线地带,但灌丛地带根际土壤生长季节均温(6.4℃),生长季长度(122天)均高于树线地带,显示了树线之上灌丛相对于乔木生活型有更佳的保持根际土壤热量的优势,从而也成为在树线之上灌丛能够很好生长,并且取代乔木的重要因素。     

贡嘎山东坡土壤有机质及氮素分布特征

对贡嘎山东坡自然垂直带土壤有机质和氮素的分布特征的研究表明,贡嘎山东坡表层土壤有机质和全氮含量随海拔升高有上升趋势,但在针阔混交林以上出现波动,在群落过渡带处出现显著峰值,气候和植被类型的综合作用决定了有机质和氮素的空间分布。土壤有机质和氮素在土壤剖面中的垂直分布趋势一致,凋落物层和土壤A层高于B、C层,这与动植物残体在土壤中的垂直分布格局类似。群落过渡带在腐殖质A层出现氮素累积峰。土壤碳氮比介于7~25之间,相对较低,利于土壤腐殖质化和有机氮矿化。碳氮比随海拔升高而升高,在土壤剖面中的分布随植被类型不同而有所差异。土壤中的氮素主要以有机氮的形式存在于土壤有机质中,土壤碳氮比与有机质含量显著相关。     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is used as an indicator to monitor vegetation changes. GIMMS NDVI from 1981 to 2006 and MODIS NDVI from 2000 to 2009 were adopted and integrated in this study to extract the time series characteristics of vegetation changes in Hulun Buir Grassland. The responses of vegetation coverage to climatic change on the yearly, seasonal and monthly scales were analyzed combined with temperature and precipitation data of seven meteorological sites. In the past 30 years, vegetation coverage was more correlated with climatic factors, and the correlations were dependent on the time scales. On an inter-annual scale, vegetation change was better correlated with precipitation, suggesting that rainfall was the main factor for driving vegetation changes. On a seasonal-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors showed that the sensitivity of vegetation growth to the aqueous and thermal condition changes was different in different seasons. The sensitivity of vegetation growth to temperature in summers was higher than in the other seasons, while its sensitivity to rainfall in both summers and autumns was higher, especially in summers. On a monthly-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors during growth seasons showed that the response of vegetation changes to temperature in both April and May was stronger. This indicates that the temperature effect occurs in the early stage of vegetation growth. Correlations between vegetation growth and precipitation of the month before the current month, were better from May to August, showing a hysteresis response of vegetation growth to rainfall. Grasses get green and begin to grow in April, and the impacts of temperature on grass growth are obvious. The increase of NDVI in April may be due to climatic warming that leads to an advanced growth season. In summary, relationships between monthly-interannual variations of vegetation coverage and climatic factors represent the temporal rhythm controls of temperature and precipitation on grass growth largely.     

放射性碳同位素在土壤碳循环中的应用

文中介绍了放射性碳同位素方法在土壤碳循环中的应用,分析了在土壤有机质、土壤CO2气体研究中的主要方法和模型,并指出土壤有机质的放射性测定可以研究较长时间尺度的碳循环(十几年、几十年至更长时间尺度),而土壤CO2气体的放射性测定可以研究短期(季节变化和年变化)内碳的动态。放射性碳同位素用于土壤中细根周转时间的计算、土地利用变化等方面的研究成果及方法也在文中分别作了介绍和分析。最后提出了国内研究应加强的领域和未来利用放射性碳同位素方法研究土壤碳循环的重点研究方向和发展趋势。