A numerical study on water diversion ratio of the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary in dry season

We studied the flood, ebb and tidal averaged along (net) water diversion ratio (WDR) during dry season in the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary, China, along with the effects of northerly wind, river discharge, tide and their interactions on WDR using the improved version of three-dimensional numerical model ECOM. Using data for annual mean wind speed and river discharge during January, we determined that the flood, ebb, net WDR values in the North Branch of the estuary were 3.48%, 1.68%, −4.06% during spring tide, and 4.82%, 2.34%, −2.79% during neap tide, respectively. Negative net WDR values denote the transport of water from the North Branch into the South Branch. Using the same data, the corresponding ratios were 50.09%, 50.92%, 54.97%, and 52.33%, 50.15%, 43.86% in the North Channel and 38.56%, 44.78%, 103.96%, and 36.92%, 43.17%, 60.97% in the North Passage, respectively. When northerly wind speed increased, landward Ekman transport was enhanced in the North Branch, increasing the flood WDR, while the ebb WDR declined and the net WDR exhibited a significant decrease. Similarly, in the North Channel, the flood WDR is increased, the ebb WDR reduced, and the net WDR showed a marked decrease. In the North Passage, the flood WDR also increased while the ebb and net WDR declined. As the river discharge increased, the flood and ebb WDR of the North Branch increased slightly and the net WDR increased markedly. In the North Channel the flood and ebb WDR changed very slightly, while the net WDR declined during spring tides and increased during neap tides. The WDR in the North Passage changed slightly during flood and ebb tides while the net WDR showed a marked increase. The WDR values of different bifurcations and the responses to northerly wind, river discharge, and tide are discussed in comparison with variations in river topography, horizontal wind-induced circulation, and tidal-induced residual current.     

西南黄海近岸低盐水体的来源与输送机制

In the southwestern Yellow Sea there is a low-salinity and turbid coastal water,the Subei Coastal Water(SCW).The origins of freshwater contents and thus the dissolved terrigenous nutrients in the SCW have been debated for decades.In this study,we used a well-validated numerical model to quantify the contributions of multiple rivers,i.e.,the Changjiang River in the south and the multiple Subei local rivers(SLRs) in the north,in forming this yearround low-salinity coastal water.It is found that the freshwater contents in the SCW is dominated by the Changjiang River south of 33.5°N,by the SLRs north of 34.5°N,and by both sources in 33.5°–34.5°N.Overall,the Changjiang River contributes ~70% in the dry season and ~80% in the wet season of the total freshwater contents in the SCW,respectively.Dynamics driving the Changjiang River Plume to flow northward is the tidal residual current,which can even overwhelm the wind effects in winter seasons.The residual currents turn offshore near the Old Yellow River Delta(OYRD) by the collision of the two tidal wave systems,which transport the freshwater from both sources into the interior Yellow Sea.Water age experiments show that it takes 50–150 d for the Changjiang River Plume to reach the SCW in the spring and summer seasons,thus there is a 2-month lag between the maximum freshwater content in SCW and the peak Changjiang River discharge.In the winter and autumn seasons,the low salinity in inner SCW is the remnant Changjiang River diluted water arrived in the previous seasons.     

以坡位为空间配置单元的流域管理措施情景优化方法

基于流域过程模型的BMP情景分析是当前流域管理措施评价、非点源污染控制等研究应用中广泛采用的方法,但其通常采用的BMP空间配置单元（地块、农场、水文响应单元或子流域）与坡面上的地形部位关系较弱,难以有效地根据坡面过程特点表达坡面上多种BMP之间的空间配置关系,影响了BMP情景优化效率和结果的合理性。为此,本文提出以坡位单元作为BMP空间配置单元,将各种BMP在不同坡位间合理的空间配置关系显式表达为基于坡位的空间配置规则,通过结合NSGA-II优化算法建立了一套基于坡位单元的BMP空间配置优化方法。应用案例表明,本文构建的基于坡位单元的BMP情景优化方法可有效利用基于坡位的空间配置规则进行BMP情景优化,优化所得的BMP空间配置方案更为合理,优化效率较高。     

海上大气边界层数值预报技术发展概论

海上大气边界层对社会经济和军事活动有着重要的影响,目前我国还没有建立业务化运行的海上大气边界层数值预报系统,对相关预报技术的研究具有十分重要的意义。本文详细分析了大气边界层数值模式的发展情况和边界层主要物理过程的国内外研究现状,为发展适用于我国的海上大气边界层数值预报系统和相关的物理过程研究提供科学依据。     

北极大气边界层初步模拟试验

应用一维K闭合OSUPBL模式和ARCSCM极地柱模式,采用SHEBA观测资料和ECM- WF的输出结果作为模式的初始场和外强迫场,对SHEBA试验所在地(75°N,150°W)单点的北极大气边界层特征,进行了初步的模拟并与SHEBA资料进行对比分析。研究表明,这两个模式都具有较好地模拟单点北极大气边界层特征的能力。OSUPBL模式在垂直高度上的高分辨率,使其能够更好地反映大气边界层内部的细微变化特征。ARCSCM模式中考虑了比较多的物理过程,且需要提供比较完整的初始场、边界条件和侧向强迫,并每小时更新,模拟结果更符合实际情况。对模式的不足和下一步的研究也进行了讨论。     

台风“布拉万”过境黄海时的异常增温事件研究

海洋对台风的响应通常表现为海表温度的降低,然而,出现在2012年8月的台风“布拉万”在经过黄海时却引起朝鲜半岛木浦沿岸海域海表的增温(而非降温),且增温幅度达4.2°C。本研究详细分析了此次异常事件的时空特征,并探讨了其可能的成因。结果发现,此次事件的产生和黄海表层冷水斑块(Surface Cold Patch,SCP)存在密切关系,并恰好出现在木浦SCP所在位置。上升流和潮混合是木浦SCP的两大形成机制,此次增温事件主要是台风“布拉万”通过抑制其生成机制之一的上升流而导致降温不足之故。具体而言,台风“布拉万”过境时位于木浦SCP的左侧,其上的北向风应力带来向岸的Ekman输运,造成外围暖水在木浦SCP地区堆积,从而抑制了该地区原本的上升流(甚至变为下降流)。     

喀拉海峡潮-地相互作用激发非线性内波的数值模拟

Nonlinear internal waves(NIWs) are ubiquitous around the Kara Sea, a part of the Arctic Ocean that is north of Siberia. Three hot spot sources for internal waves, one of which is the Kara Strait, have been identified based on Envisat ASAR. The generation and evolution of the NIWs through the interactions of the tide and topography across the strait is studied based on a nonhydrostatic numerical model. The model captures most wave characteristics shown by satellite data. A typical inter-packets distance on the Barents Sea side is about 25 km in summer, with a phase speed about 0.65 m/s. A northward background current may intensify the accumulation of energy during generation, but it has little influence on the other properties of the generated waves. The single internal solitary wave(ISW) structure is a special phenomenon that follows major wave trains, with a distance about 5–8 km. This wave is generated with the leading wave packets during the same tidal period. When a steady current toward the Kara Sea is included, the basic generation process is similar, but the waves toward the Kara Sea weaken and display an internal bore-like structure with smaller amplitude than in the control experiment. In winter, due to the growth of sea ice, stratification across the Kara Strait is mainly determined by the salinity, with an almost uniform temperature close to freezing. A pycnocline deepens near the middle of the water depth(Barents Sea side), and the NIWs process is not as important as the NIWs process in summer. There is no fission process during the simulation.     

水库滑坡地下水动态响应规律及浸润线计算模型

库水和降雨直接导致水库滑坡地下水变动,是诱发滑坡的主要因素。已有研究大多是基于监测数据探讨库水与降雨对滑坡变形的影响,未能揭示水库滑坡地下水响应规律,地下水浸润线计算模型没有同时考虑降雨和库水的影响,且模型边界条件与水库滑坡实际情况差别较大。为了揭示大型水库滑坡地下水动态响应规律,需要构建更接近实际情况的地下水位浸润线计算模型。通过三峡水库石榴树包滑坡地下水动态监测,揭示了库水水位变化和降雨条件下滑坡地下水水位动态响应规律,其地下水渗流场近似层流,滑坡前缘和中部的地下水水位与库水位几乎同步,滑坡后部的地下水水位主要受降雨影响,日降雨30 mm会引发地下水水位明显变动。在周期性库水位变化和随机降雨耦合条件下,建立了滑坡地下水非稳定渗流微分方程,解算出水库滑坡地下水位浸润线计算模型,并采用实际监测结果进行了验证。应用计算模型分析了不同工况条件下的滑坡渗流场,并得出滑坡内距前缘水平距离145 m内,库水对地下水有影响;引发地下水变动的降雨和库水位变化阈值分别为0.03,0.1 m/d,且不同的条件组合下降雨和库水位对地下水水位影响存在一定差异。     

矿渣-海水湿排粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的制备

众所周知,矿渣、粉煤灰等大宗工业废渣,作为辅助性胶凝材料应用于水泥及混凝土中以来,人们越来越重视对它们的研究(王薇,2008)。目前粉煤灰按排放工艺不同分为干排粉煤灰和湿排粉煤灰。湿排粉煤灰又分为淡水排粉煤灰和海水排粉煤灰。在粉煤灰资源化过程中,海水湿排粉     

钢尾渣综合利用的两种新途径

我国作为世界上最大的钢铁生产国,每年排放钢渣约8000万t,利用率却只有22%(中国资源综合利用协会,2011)。目前钢渣的利用主要是回收其中的铁,一般采用多段破碎多段干法磁选的方法得到渣钢或富铁钢渣作为炼钢或炼铁的原料,而尾渣部分大部分被堆弃。最近几年钢渣热