我国高空风速的气候学特征

利用全国119个探空站1980~2006年13个等压面和地面附近的月平均风速资料,分析了不同高度年、季节平均风速的气候学特征。结果表明,全国平均200hPa以下风速随高度增加而增加,200hPa~30hPa之间风速随高度增加而降低,30hPa以上风速随高度增加而再呈增加趋势;春、秋季平均风速随高度变化与年平均相似,但冬、夏季的垂直分布差异明显;700hPa及其以上最大风速出现在1月,最小风速在7月或8月;850hPa和地面最大风速发生在4月;对流层风速年较差从下向上增加,在200hPa附近风速年较差最大。我国地面风速在东、西部地区较大,中部地区较小;500hPa年平均风速分布呈西低东高态势,最大中心出现在辽东半岛东部;200hPa年平均风速在江淮地区出现高值中心;500hPa冬季最大风速区在大陆南部,夏季北移并向西扩展;200hPa各季强风速区基本呈东西走向的带状分布,其中春季在江淮地区,夏季移至西北,秋季位于黄淮地区,冬季位置最南。     

中国主要河流流域极端降水变化特征

利用中国1956-2008年逐日降水量资料,以全国主要河流流域为研究区域,分析了年最大日降水量、年暴雨（日降水量≥50.0 mm）日数的多年平均状况及长期变化趋势。分析表明,近53年,全国平均年最大日降水量没有明显的线性变化趋势,但全国范围内多数气象站点年最大日降水量呈现出增加趋势,并存在南方流域增加、北方流域减少的变化趋势,这种变化特征在2001年以来表现更加突出。全国平均年暴雨日数呈不显著的增多趋势,20世纪90年代最多,70年代最少。空间上,我国南北方流域年暴雨日数呈现相反的变化特征,南方流域多呈上升趋势,北方流域呈减少趋势。     

美国军方发布《国家安全与气候变化威胁》报告

2007年4月16日,由退休将军组成的美国海军分析中心军事咨询委员会发布了《国家安全与气候变化威胁》报告,从军事角度评估了气候变化对美国国家安全的潜在威胁。这是继2003年10月美国国防部给布什政府提供的一份秘密报告《气候突变的情景及其对美国国家安全的意义》后,美军方再次抛出的关于气候变化成胁美国国家安全的报告。该报告一经发布,媒体争相报道,在国际社会引起了极大反响。     

长江流域近40年强降水的变化趋势

利用长江流域109个气象站1960-2001年的逐日降水资料，采用泰森多边形方法计算整个长江流域的面雨量，研究了长江流域面雨量的变化趋势。结果表明：长江流域年面雨量呈增加趋势，但不显著。从长江流域各站暴雨日数和暴雨量趋势变化的空间分布来看，长江流域年、夏季6～8月的暴雨日数和暴雨量表现为较大范围的增加趋势，但通过显著性检验的站并不多，显著增加的中心在江西省。     

中国气候变化的检测及预估

对近5a来中国科学家在气候变化的检测及预估等方面的研究工作及主要成果进行了总结:采用最新的器测时期资料和代用温度资料对中国地区近50a、100a的温度和降水变化规律进行再分析,初步重建了中国过去1000a的地表温度序列;对20世纪中国气候变化进行了检测,分析了中国气候变化的原因;预估了中国21世纪气候变化。结果表明:近百年中国气候变化的主要特征与全球气候变化的趋势一致。中国近百年增暖的幅度为0.5～0.8℃,比全球同期增温略高。近50a中国平均气温升高以北方为主,升温速率达0.8℃/10a,远大于北半球平均的升温速率。中国雨型的年代际变化明显,西北西部从20世纪80年代中降水明显增多,以新疆最为显著。中国东部则由70年代末以前的北涝南旱型转为以后的南涝北旱型。气候变暖后,中国的极端天气和气候事件的发生频率和强度也出现了变化。     

气候变化国家评估报告(Ⅰ):中国气候变化的历史和未来趋势

The climate change in China shows a considerable similarity to the global change, though there still exist some significant differences between them. In the context of the global warming, the annual mean surface air temperature in the country as a whole has significantly increased for the past 50 years and 100 years, with the range of temperature increase slightly greater than that in the globe. The change in precipitation trends for the last 50 and 100 years was not significant, but since 1956 it has assumed a weak increasing trend. The frequency and intensity of main extreme weather and climate events have also undergone a significant change. The researches show that the atmospheric CO2 concentration in China has continuously increased and the sum of positive radiative forcings produced by greenhouse gases is probably responsible for the country-wide climate warming for the past 100 years, especially for the past 50 years. The projections of climate change for the 21st century using global and regional climate models indicate that, in the future 20-100 years, the surface air temperature will continue to increase and the annual precipitation also has an increasing trend for most parts of the country.     

长江流域1960-2004年极端强降水时空变化趋势

Recent trends of the rainfall, intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation (EP) over the Yangtze River Basin are analyzed in this paper. Since the mid-1980s the rainfall of EP in the basin has significantly increased, and the most significant increment occurred in the southeast mid-lower reaches, and southwest parts of the basin. Summer witnessed the most remarkable increase in EP amount. Both the intensity and frequency of EP events have contributed to the rising of EP amount, but increase in frequency contributed more to the increasing trend of EP than that in intensity. The average intervals between adjacent two EP events have been shortened. It is also interesting to note that the monthly distribution of EP events in the upper basin has changed, and the maximum frequency is more likely to occur in June rather than in July. The synchronization of the maximum frequency month between the upper and mid-lower reaches might have also increased the risk of heavy floods in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River.     

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO OBSERVED TEMPERATURE INCREASE AT WUHAN STATION, CENTRAL CHINA

Based on an in-homogeneity adjusted dataset of the monthly mean temperature, minimum and maximum temperature, this paper analyzes the temporal characteristics of Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity at Wuhan Station, and its impact on the long-term trend of surface air temperature change recorded during 1961–2015 by using an urban-rural method. Results show that UHI effect is obvious near Wuhan Station in the past 55 years, especially for minimum temperature. The strongest UHI intensity occurs in summer and the weakest in winter. For the period 1961–2004, UHI intensity undergoes a significant increase near the urban station, with the increase especially large for the period 1988–2004, but the last 10 years witness a significant decrease, with the decrease in minimum temperature being more significant than that of maximum temperature. The annual mean urban warming and its contribution to overall warming are 0.18?C/10yr and 48.8% respectively for the period 1961–2015, with a more significant and larger urbanization effect seen in Tmin than Tmax. Thus, a large proportion warming, about half of the overall increase in annual mean temperature, as observed at the urban station, can be attributed to the rapid urbanization in the past half a century.     

城市热岛效应对甘肃省温度序列的影响

对甘肃省若干国家基本/基准站、城市站和乡村站1961—2002年共42年季、年平均温度资料等进行了对比分析。结果表明:城市站和国家基本/基准站比乡村站增温趋势显著。近40多年来城市热岛效应对基本/基准站年平均温度的增温贡献率为18.5%,对城市站年平均温度的增温贡献率为37.6%。季节增温率冬季最大,秋季次之,春夏季最小;城市热岛效应对季节增暖的贡献率则为春季最大,夏季次之,秋冬季最小。     

城市化对北京单次极端高温过程影响的数值模拟研究

城市化对高温热浪的频次和强度具有重要影响,但目前对于城市化影响高温热浪过程的机理了解还不充分。本文利用WRF模式,对2010年7月2～6日（北京时）北京一次高温过程进行了模拟,分析了城市化对此次高温过程的影响机理。采用优化后的WRF模式,能够模拟出北京连续5日高温的特征和城市热岛强度的变化。城市下垫面的不透水性决定了城区2 m高度处相对湿度低于乡村,削弱了城区通过潜热调节城市气温的能力。日落后,城市感热通量下降缓慢,城区降温速率小于乡村,夜间边界层稳定、高度低,风速小,抑制了城乡之间能量的传输,形成了夜间强的城市热岛强度,造成夜间城市气温明显高于乡村。日出后城乡地面感热通量、潜热通量迅速上升,边界层稳定性下降。午后,城市下垫面分别为地表感热通量和潜热通量的高、低值中心,通过潜热调节气温的能力被削弱;边界层稳定性降低,有利于能量的垂直扩散;此时,城市热岛强度小于夜间。因此,北京城市下垫面形成了明显的城市热岛效应,加重了城区极端高温事件的强度。此外,在这次高温热浪期间,中国东部大部分地区受到大陆暖高压控制,晴空少云,西北气流越山后形成焚风效应,是北京地区高温热浪形成的天气背景。