交叉定标产生的NOAA卫星长期大气温度观测资料

介绍一套用于气候变化研究的NOAA卫星微波观测资料, 资料为全球5 d平均, 2.5°×2.5°经纬网格, 3个深层大气(对流中层、对流层顶以及平流层下层)的温度分布。该文简介了资料产生的方法, 包括交叉定标、角度订正、网格化以及网格误差修正等, 给出了使用这套资料分析得到的1987—2006年间不同大气层的温度变化趋势, 并提供了获取这套资料的方法。     

CO2倍增对我国东部极端降水的影响

 利用GFDL-CM2.1耦合模式控制试验和CO₂增长试验逐日降水输出结果,评估了CO₂浓度加倍对我国极端降水变化的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度加倍导致我国东部地区年极端降水的强度增强、降水量显著增多及降水频次显著增加（除华北南部外）; CO₂浓度加倍对我国春夏季极端降水影响较大,导致东部多数地区春夏季极端降水频次增加,强度增强;而CO₂浓度加倍导致华北南部和长江中下游春夏季雨日减少以及小雨、中雨减少,从而导致年总降水量减少。     

REE characteristics and Nd isotopic compositions of Lunar pristine rocks：Implications for petrogenesis of pristine rocks and source regions

This paper compile the rare-earth elements and Nd isotope data for lunar pristine rocks from investiga-tions in recent years. Using these data, we compared the REE characteristics of lunar pristine rocks and Nd isotopic compositions of their source regions. Based on the Lunar Magma Ocean model, we then studied their formation and petrogenetic correlations of Mg suite, alkali suite, and KREEP, with especial emphasis on the importance of assimi-lation during early magmatism. And Nd isotopic compositions of mare basalt samples suggest that mantle sources of mare basalts should be heterogeneous, which has not yet been explained by several current models.     

A relative spatial access assessment approach for analyzing potential spatial access to colorectal cancer services in Texas

The usefulness of gravity-based spatial access models is limited because of the uncertainty introduced by the range of values of the impedance coefficient. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the concept of spatial access ratio (SPAR) derived from the enhanced 2-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method — a recent extension of the gravity model — to assess potential spatial access. First, a sensitivity assessment is conducted to verify the effectiveness of SPAR and its advantages in overcoming the uncertainty problem. Then, the E2SFCA method and the shortest travel time method are employed to measure potential spatial access to colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention and treatment services in Texas based on data at the census tract level. The socio-demographic and geographic distributions of potential spatial access to CRC services are also examined. The sensitivity assessment reveals substantial fluctuations in the values of the spatial access index calculated directly by the E2SFCA method under different values of the impedance coefficient. However, the values of SPAR remain stable under different values of the coefficient. A comparative analysis indicates that potential spatial access to primary care physicians (PCPs), CRC screening facilities, and oncologists varied among different racial/ethnic and socioeconomic population groups as well as in different geographic regions in Texas. Non-Hispanic blacks, Asians, and people in affluent areas had a geographical advantage in accessing CRC services than other groups. The urban/rural difference was more obvious and serious than those of different racial/ethnic groups and groups with different socio-economic statuses, as metropolitan residents had more than three times the potential spatial access than isolated rural residents.     

简述基于高考评价体系的高考地理主观题阅卷评分细则制定

本文基于评分细则的制定,对《中国高考评价体系》进行解读。高考评价体系坚持立德树人为价值引领、注重学科素养考查、突出创新思维和创新能力评价、以学习探索情境作为考查的载体等。在解读的基础上,提出了评分细则制定的做法并示例,认为要旗帜鲜明地突出“价值引领”原则、突出地理学科素养、重视创新思维和创新能力、关注学习探索情境等。     

Quantifying ice storage in upper Indus river basin using ground-penetrating radar measurements and glacier bed topography model version 2

Ice reserve estimates is a fundamental prerequisite for water resources management. We selected the UIB (upper Indus river basin) as study area because it contains the most abundant mid-latitude glaciers outside the polar region, however, the ice reserve estimates remain unclear due to the harsh topography. In this study, we validated the parameters of the GlabTop2 model (Glacier Bed Topography version 2) using the ice thickness measured by GPR (ground-penetrating radar) and compared the “GPR-measured ice thickness and ice bed elevation” versus “the estimated results obtained from GlabTop2.” Integrated with IDW (inverse distance weighted) interpolated results of glaciers of various sizes, a reasonable parametric scheme (τ = 120 kPa and f = 0.8) of GlabTop2 was applied on vast amounts of glaciers in the UIB region. The GlabTop2 estimates indicated that the ice thickness of the UIB varied from 0 to 736.0 ± 110.0 m, with an average value of 74.5 ± 11.2 m. A significant spatial heterogeneity exists in the sub-basins. The Shyok, Shigar and Hunza that contain the most abundant ice reserve. Lesser quantities are stored in the Western Himalaya and Hindu Kush ranges, which account for 11.3 % and 6.7 % of the total ice reserve in the UIB, respectively. A total volume of 1162.4 ± 175.1 km³ of glacier can be converted to 1046.2 ± 157.6 Gt ice reserve; this is 13.6 times the annual average discharge obtained from the outlet of the Besham hydrological station. We aim to present estimates that can provide the baseline information for glaciology study of the Indus river.     

Numerical study on the mixed model in the GOCE polar gap problem

Gravity gradients acquired by the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer(GOCE) do not cover the entire earth because of its sun-synchronous orbit leaving data gaps with a radius of about 6.5° in the polar regions.Previous studies showed that the loss of data in the polar regions deteriorates the accuracy of the low order(or near zonal) coefficients of the earth gravity model,which is the so-called polar gap problem in geodesy.In order to find a stable solution for the earth gravity model from the GOCE gravity gradients,three models,i.e.the Gauss-Markov model,light constraint model and the mixed model,are compared and evaluated numerically with the gravity gradient simulated with the EGM2008.The comparison shows that the Best Linear Uniformly Unbiased Estimation(BLUUE) estimator of the mixed model can solve the polar gap problem as effectively as the light constraint model;furthermore,the mixed model is more rigorous in dealing with the supplementary information and leads to a better accuracy in determining the global geoid.     

淮河流域水资源与水环境问题及对策研究

淮河流域是我国重要的粮食产区和工业基地.随着流域内经济社会的快速发展,水资源短缺和污染等问题所造成的影响日益严重.为实现淮河流域水资源的可持续利用,应完善水利工程设施,开发中水和雨水等新的水源;工农业生产采用节水技术;加强水环境保护,防止水质污染;综合规划水资源,构建水资源可持续利用体系.     

Numerical analysis of dislocations of the face slabs of the Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam during the Wenchuan earthquake

The Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD) was obviously damaged during the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. A wide range of dislocations occurred along the horizontal construction joints at EL. 845m, between the face slabs constructed in the second and third stages. The maximum displacement of the dislocations reached 17cm. In this study, the slab dislocations were investigated using finite element (FE) analysis. The method based on strain potential was applied to compute the permanent deformation of the Zipingpu Dam during the Wenchuan earthquake. The calculated magnitude of the slab dislocation showed good agreements with the field measurements. The dislocation mechanism was discussed. The results show that the dislocation of the concrete slab is a subsequent damage after the permanent deformation of the rockfill materials. The effects of the shear strength and the direction of the construction joints, the reservoir water level and the seismic waves were studied. The shear strength and the direction of the construction joints, reservoir water level and have a significant effect on the dislocation displacement. The dislocation can be effectively reduced by measures such as changing the direction of the construction joints or improving the shear strength at the horizontal joints.