近地层O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦影响的数值模拟：Ⅱ模拟结果和分析

针对CO2和O3浓度变化对冬小麦影响,改进了农田生态系统碳氮生物化学模型(DNDC),并利用模型模拟了O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响,检验了模型的模拟效果.通过对原DNDC模型适用性的调整,使之适用于固城站,为进一步改进作物模型打下了可靠的基础.通过试验资料验证表明,模型较好地反映了O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响.通过敏感性分析得出,模型对温度变化反映灵敏;在CO2浓度倍增情况下,O3浓度变化对冬小麦的复合影响分析看出,一定浓度范围内,CO2可缓解O3对作物影响的负效应,O3对CO2带来的正效应有削弱作用.     

灾害天气国家重点实验室建设进展

中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室2005年3月22日正式进入建设阶段。实验室主任为气科院院长张人禾研究员，常务副主任为从海外招聘的王东海博士，数值预报研究中心主任陈德辉和灾害天气研究所所长刘黎平担任实验室副主任。为加强实验室与海外气象界的合作，聘请了美国马里兰大学气象系的张大林教授任实验室海外主任。目前全室有固定人员31人，流动人员（包括在读硕士、博士、博士后）58人以及全职客座人员8人已全部到位。     

台风海棠远距离暴雨中尺度系统特征

利用常规探空、加密地面资料、卫星云图和新一代天气雷达产品资料,对2005年7月22日台风海棠倒槽形成的大暴雨天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)台风北伸倒槽与西风带弱冷空气结合造成了这次大暴雨过程,是典型的中低纬系统相互作用过程。(2)倒槽东侧东南低空急流从低纬海上为大暴雨区输送了丰富的热量和水汽,同时,在它的左前方成为强中尺度对流系统发生的源地。(3)高层反气旋的增强,加强了高空的抽气效应,使辐合上升加强,暴雨增幅。(4)卫星云图上,团状的、密实的强中β尺度对流系统的形成和维持是造成短时强暴雨的直接原因。(5)多普勒雷达反射率因子场上,多条中尺度回波带的汇合使回波增强,暴雨增幅。(6)暴雨发生期间,多普勒雷达径向速度场表现明显的水平风场的非均匀性,表现为中低层大范围强辐合风场;风向的垂直方向不连续性,主要表现在风的垂直切变大,风的垂直切变可以为对流云的发展提供动能,有利于大雷暴云的发展和暴雨的形成;逆风区多次出现在风速较大的入流区中并做气旋性旋转北上与正速度区合并,逆风区附近及所经途中出现强回波,暴雨增幅。     

气象部门Notes邮件系统升级优化及故障排查

随着气象信息现代化的进一步发展,2000年建设的气象部门Notes系统已不能满足新的应用需求.本文分析了基于Domino R5全国气象部门Notes系统升级需求,介绍了基于Domino R8系统结构和特点,将通信方式由原来中央节点集中分发改变为直接的点对点通信,在服务器运算、I/O带宽占用和数据存储方面均作了改进,2009年3月升级完成后已稳定运行.此外,还提出了新系统建成初期可能出现的故障及其相应解决办法.     

登陆台风与锡林郭勒盟降雨

多年的预报统计表明,每当中央气象台发布台风警报时,往往在2~3d锡林郭勒盟(以下简称锡盟)会出现一次明显的降雨过程,大到暴雨出现的机率也明显增大。文章对2000—2011年6—9月登陆我国的68个台风和对应的实况降水资料进行了统计分析,初步探讨了锡盟降水与登陆台风的关联,从远距离台风活动中探索锡盟较大降水的预报信息,将有助于今后的暴雨预报业务。     

Variability of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet and its relations to climate

A maximum of easterly zonal wind at 925 hPa in the Caribbean region is called the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ). Observations show that the easterly CLLJ varies semi-annually, with two maxima in the summer and winter and two minima in the fall and spring. Associated with the summertime strong CLLJ are a maximum of sea level pressure (SLP), a relative minimum of rainfall (the mid-summer drought), and a minimum of tropical cyclogenesis in July in the Caribbean Sea. It is found that both the meridional gradients of sea surface temperature (SST) and SLP show a semi-annual feature, consistent with the semi-annual variation of the CLLJ. The CLLJ anomalies vary with the Caribbean SLP anomalies that are connected to the variation of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH). In association with the cold (warm) Caribbean SST anomalies, the atmosphere shows the high (low) SLP anomalies near the Caribbean region that are consistent with the anomalously strong (weak) easterly CLLJ. The CLLJ is also remotely related to the SST anomalies in the Pacific and Atlantic, reflecting that these SST variations affect the NASH. During the winter, warm (cold) SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific correspond to a weak (strong) easterly CLLJ. However, this relationship is reversed during the summer. This is because the effects of ENSO on the NASH are opposite during the winter and summer. The CLLJ varies in phase with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) since a strong (weak) NASH is associated with a strengthening (weakening) of both the CLLJ and the NAO. The CLLJ is positively correlated with the 925-hPa meridional wind anomalies from the ocean to the United States via the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, the CLLJ and the meridional wind carry moisture from the ocean to the central United States, usually resulting in an opposite (or dipole) rainfall pattern in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean and Atlantic warm pool versus the central United States.     

Consequences of change and variability in sea ice on marine ecosystem and biogeochemical processes during the 2007–2008 Canadian International Polar Year program

Change and variability in the timing and magnitude of sea ice geophysical and thermodynamic state have consequences on many aspects of the arctic marine system. The changes in both the geophysical and thermodynamic state, and in particular the timing of the development of these states, have consequences throughout the marine system. In this paper we review the ??consequences?? of change in sea ice state on primary productivity, marine mammal habitats, and sea ice as a medium for storage and transport of contaminants and carbon exchange across the ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere interface based upon results from the International Polar Year. Pertinent results include: 1) conditions along ice edges can bring deep nutrient-rich ??pacific?? waters into nutrient-poor surface waters along the arctic coast, affecting local food webs; 2) both sea ice thermodynamic and dynamic processes ultimately affect ringed seal/polar bear habitats by controlling the timing, location and amount of surface deformation required for ringed seal and polar bear preferred habitat 3) the ice edges bordering open waters of flaw leads are areas of high biological production and are observed to be important beluga habitat. 4) exchange of climate-active gases, including CO₂, is extremely active in sea ice environments, and the overall question of whether the Arctic Ocean is (or will be) a source or sink for CO₂ will be dependent on the balance of competing climate-change feedbacks.     

基于极坐标投影的多谱勒雷达数据栅格化技术

通过研究球面距离算法、极坐标投影原理及新一代多谱勒天气雷达产品的数据存储格式,实现精度较高的雷达数据栅格化,为雷达回波追踪、降水算法优化、短时临近预报等相关的应用与研究提供经过仰角订正、球面距离订正后的更准确更通用的产品数据.     

梅雨锋次天气尺度涡旋旋转风和辐散风动能收支

本文选取１９９１年７月５日２０：００－６日２０：００梅雨锋上移动性次天气尺度涡旋引起的长江中下游特大暴雨为实例。采用准拉格朗日球坐标系的旋转风和辐散风动能方程，计算得到次天气尺度涡旋发展和成熟两个阶段对流层各层旋转风动能和辐散风动能的收支特征为：在对流层高层（１００－４００ｈＰａ）两个阶段的旋转风动能源汇相同，辐散风动能源汇有异，即水平动能通量项和“摩擦”项符号相反；在中层（４００－７００ｈＰａ）