Snow Albedo’s Dependence on Solar Zenith Angle from In Situ and MODIS Data

Since snow cover is one of the fastest modi- fications to the land surface albedo, the treatment of snow-covered surface albedo is important for the simulation of land processes in weather and climate models. A simple formulation is developed here to represent the solar zenith angle (SZA) dependence of albedo under maximum snow cover condition on the basis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) algorithm. The SZA dependence of black-sky (or direct) albedo is weaker under snow condition than that under snow-free condition, and it does not differ much among different vegetation types. The blue-sky albedo (or combined albedo from direct and diffuse radiations) based on the above formulation and in situ diffuse ratio of solar radiation is consistent with in situ data from two Canadian sites (grassland and evergreen needleleaf forest) and one U.S. grassland site. In particular, the SZA dependence of blue-sky snow albedo is almost always weak because of high diffuse ratios for high SZA in winter. With the snow albedo formulation from this study and snow-free albedo formulations from the authors’ previous studies, albedos with partial snow cover can be obtained as the snow fraction-weighted average of snow and snow-free albedos. Citation: Wang, Z., and X. Zeng, 2008: Snow albedo’s dependence on solar zenith angle from in situ and MODIS data, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 1, 45-50     

Haze trends over the capital cities of 31 provinces in China, 1981–2005

This paper presents the patterns and trends of haze over 31 provincial capitals in China between 1980 and 2005. The haze measurements were based on human visual range observations at 31 synoptic meteorological stations operated by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). The high haze regions were found in largely populated cities such as Chongqing, Beijing, and Shenyang, while the low haze regions were located in the cities with small populations such as Lhasa, Kunming, and Guiyang in southwestern China and Haikou in southern China. The haziness of the 12 cities shows a significantly (95%) decreasing trend, while that of the 13 cities shows a significantly increasing trend over the 25-year study period. The increases are evident in the eastern and southwestern cities in China. It has also been found that there is a decreasing haze trend in winter but an increasing trend in summer for many cities. Nonetheless, the causality for the reduction of aerosol emissions has not been established. This report is the first survey and preliminary analysis done on haze patterns and trends from 1980 to 2005 over the capital cities of 31 provinces in Mainland China.     

赤峰热水镇地热田地热流体流动模型

赤峰热水镇地热田内发育有南北向、北西—南东向、北东—南西向及东西向断裂构造,这些断裂大部分为张性断裂,并构成地热田热水上升的主要通道。热水的补给区在远离地热田的西部和北部山区,天水从此处渗透到地下深处,缓慢流动到地热田下部,被侵入的花岗岩和玄武岩所构成的热源以热传导方式加热,再沿断裂、裂隙上升,形成了地热田浅部热水储集层。本地热田热水属于天水起源的中、低温裂隙水。     

Performance of four sea surface temperature assimilation schemes in the South China Sea

Four existing sea surface temperature (SST) assimilation schemes are evaluated in terms of their performances in assimilating the advanced very high resolution radiometer pathfinder best SST data in the South China Sea using the Princeton Ocean Model. Schemes 1 and 2 project SST directly to subsurface according to model-based correlations between SST and subsurface temperature. The difference between these two schemes is related to the order of vertical projection and horizontal optimal interpolation (OI). In Scheme 1, the spatially non-uniform SST observations are first projected to subsurface levels, followed by horizontal OI at each level. While in Scheme 2, the remotely sensed SSTs are first optimally interpolated to all grid points at the surface, followed by projecting gridded SSTs to subsurface levels. Scheme 3 assumes that the mixed layer is well mixed and has a uniform temperature vertically. In Scheme 4, SST is propagated to subsurface levels using a linear relationship of temperature between any two neighboring depths (Scheme 4a) or between surface and subsurface (Scheme 4b), which is derived by empirical orthogonal function (EOF) technique. To verify the results of the four schemes, the authors use the hydrographic data from two cruises during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment in April and June 1998. It was shown that all four schemes could improve the SST field by reducing about 50% of the root mean square errors (RMSEs). All but Scheme 3 can improve model thermocline structure that is too diffused otherwise, though the RMSEs increase in the thermocline, especially for Scheme 2 when the model has opposite bias between upper layers and lower layers. Scheme 3 fails in the subsurface depth by increasing the thermocline depth, especially when there is a cold model bias. Projecting SST downward by EOF technique can deepen the depth of assimilation especially in Scheme 4a. Both Schemes 4a and b can correct the bias in the mixed layer and do not change the vertical thermal structure.     

邯郸市西老鸦峪天然矿泉水水质特征

西老鸦峪饮用天然矿泉水，赋存于奥陶系中统峰峰组灰岩中，为深成承压岩溶裂隙水，水量丰富。经省、部两级鉴定，确认为低钠、低矿化度含锡的重碳酸钙·镁型饮用天然矿泉水。现已开发利用，生产瓶装天然矿泉水。     

拉萨地块林周盆地下白垩统塔克那组：新特提斯洋活动陆缘伸展阶段沉积记录

拉萨地块林周盆地下白垩统塔克那组沉积于新特提斯洋壳向拉萨地块俯冲的弧后伸展环境，对重构该时期古地理格局、理解活动陆缘伸展构造对沉积的控制作用具有重要意义。基于野外露头描述和薄片观察，总结塔克那组岩石地层、岩石学和古生物特征，对比同期新特提斯被动陆缘阿拉伯板块Shuaiba组，讨论塔克那组沉积演化和活动陆缘沉积特征。塔克那组发育碎屑岩、硅质碎屑- 碳酸盐混积岩、碳酸盐岩三大类沉积岩十种岩石类型，纵向上划分为四个岩性段，是一个三级相对海平面变化旋回的沉积层系。塔一段砂岩—混积岩—灰岩岩性变化、沉积构造和生物类型均指示潮间- 潮下带潟湖环境；塔二段沉积于海平面快速上升期，主要为风暴浪基面之下厚层泥灰岩；塔三段在玛行西剖面首次识别出代表风暴浪基面之上的风暴成因生物富集层，往西南在甲绒东剖面相变为浅滩相生屑/鲕粒颗粒灰岩；塔四段沉积期海平面持续下降，海水逐渐退出盆地，沉积滨岸和泛滥平原环境的泥页岩夹粉砂岩。与阿拉伯板块同期生物种属对比表明，塔克那组沉积期，南拉萨地块林周盆地与新特提斯洋沟通性好。活动陆缘伸展背景下，具有基底快速差异沉降、陆源沉积物持续输入的特征，导致纵、横向相变快，混积岩发育，厚壳蛤、Lithocodium- Bacinella等浅海喜净水生物和深水浮游生物欠发育。     

吉中早中生代高镁安山岩：性质与意义

高镁安山岩主要产出于板块会聚边缘的大洋俯冲消减带岛弧环境，是岛弧岩浆作用的代表性产物，研究其相关构造属性，对示踪板块俯冲时限、俯冲带构造背景、大洋俯冲作用过程中岩石圈地幔演化等方面至关重要。长春- 延吉缝合带位于佳木斯- 兴凯地块和华北板块之间，为古亚洲洋的闭合和古太平洋的启动过程提供了关键的信息，但有关缝合带位置与俯冲方式仍然存在很大的争议。本文对采自长春- 延吉缝合带吉东地区的色洛河群绿片岩样品进行了主量和微量元素分析以及锆石U- Pb年龄测定，结果表明这套样品原岩为一套赞岐质高镁安山岩，具有富Mg、低Al、低Ti、高Cr、Ni等特征，与日本Setouchi火山岩带中的赞岐岩具可比性，由俯冲板片(洋壳+上覆沉积物)部分熔融的流体与地幔发生混合而成，形成于华北板块北部边缘之上的陆缘岛弧环境，由吉林- 黑龙江洋的俯冲所致。锆石U- Pb定年结果表明其形成时代为中三叠世(246±2 Ma)。本文证据显示原定义为中元古代的色洛河群时代可能为早中生代，并非元古宙或者晚古生代增生杂岩，而应该为华北板块上形成于早中生代的陆缘岛弧安山岩。区域构造分析显示，长春- 延吉缝合带不是天山- 索伦- 西拉木伦- 长春缝合带的东延部分，而是吉林- 黑龙江高压变质带的南延部分，形成于三叠纪前后古太平洋板块的西向俯冲作用导致的佳木斯- 兴凯地块与华北板块之间的拼合。     

太湖全新世沉积物的古盐度指标及其环境意义

沉积物中的Ｃａ／（Ｆｅ＋Ｃａ）比值和硼含量随水体含盐度的高低而相应增减，它们都是较好的古盐度指标。本文对太湖全新世的沉积物进行了古盐度指标的分析。并与现代湖泊和海洋沉积物作了对比，结果反映东太湖为陆相沉积环境，而西太湖则主要为海相沉积环境。此结论与古生物化石的结论一致，从而证明了太湖地区于全新世期间经历了大规模的海侵，并形成海湾－湖环境。同时也证明了这些古盐度指标是行之有效的。     

城市规划道路信息系统数据库设计研究

分析了城市规划道路要素的构成，并在几何网络模型基础上，对城市规划道路信息系统数据库进行了设计。     

基于模态分析和神经网络的裂缝损伤识别

提出了裂缝损伤诊断的神经网络方法,探讨了用模态技术和神经网络对混凝土结构裂缝损伤进行识别与定位的方法。文中以一简支矩形截面梁为研究对象,通过完好结构和损伤结构的有限元分析,获取两者的损伤标识量,输入BP神经网络训练。以损伤位置和裂缝高度作为输出参数,对其进行单处损伤定位的研究。数值仿真结果表明,采用神经网络方法可以对裂缝做出较好的诊断。