An enhanced approach for surface flow routing over drainage‐constrained triangulated irregular networks

The accuracy and efficiency of the simulations in distributed hydrological models must depend on the proper estimation of flow directions and paths. Numerous studies have been carried out to delineate the drainage patterns based on gridded digital elevation models (DEMs). The triangulated irregular network (TIN) has been increasingly applied in hydrological applications due to the advantages of high storage efficiency and multi‐scale adaptive performance. Much of the previous literature focuses mainly on filling the depressions on gridded DEMs rather than treating the special cases in TIN structures, which has hampered its applications to hydrological models. This study proposes a triangulation‐based solution for the removal of flat areas and pits to enhance the simulation of flow routing on triangulated facet networks. Based on the drainage‐constrained TIN generated from only a gridded DEM by the compound point extraction (CPE) method, the inconsistent situations including flat triangles, V‐shape flat edges and sink nodes are respectively identified and rectified. The optimization algorithm is an iterative process of TIN reconstruction, in which the flat areas are generalized into their center points and the pits are rectified by embedding break lines. To verify the proposed algorithm and investigate the potential for flow routing, flow paths of steepest descent are derived by the vector‐based tracking algorithm based on the optimized TIN. A case study of TIN optimization and flow path tracking was performed on a real‐world DEM. The outcomes indicate that the proposed approach can effectively solve the problem of inconsistencies without a significant loss in accuracy of the terrain model.     

Extraction of Alteration Mineral Information from Moderate Remote Sensing Images Using MPS Method

Although alteration minerals related to metallogenesis is very important in mineral exploration, information of alteration mineral is weakly expressed in remote sensing imagery, which is often subject to interfering noise and sometimes limited in spectral and spatial resolutions. Because of easy access, moderate images are the main sources of alteration mineral information. Therefore, it is very important to develop alteration mineral information extraction methods from remote sensing images. In this paper, a combined method based on Mask, principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine method (SVM) was used to extract alteration mineral information from Enhanced thematic mapper plus remote sensing data with limited spectral and spatial resolutions. First, a mask image of the remote sensing imagery was created to remove interference information such as vegetation, shadow and water. Then, PCA was employed to collect sample data relating to iron, argillic, and carbonatization alteration. Finally, SVM was used to deal with alteration anomaly and build a feature extraction model of high accuracy. The Mask-PCA-SVM model is used to extract alteration mineral information from remote sensing images of Hatu area, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions, China. The results show that the new methods proposed in this paper can coincide well with known deposits occurrences, rate reached 86.51%. While, the consistent rate with known deposits of the ratio model, PCA model and Spectral angle mapper model were only 3.37, 65.08 and 69.05% respectively. This suggests that the proposed model can find the actual distribution of mineral deposits more effectively by reducing interference to a greater degree.     

Initial results of centralized autonomous orbit determination of the new-generation BDS satellites with inter-satellite link measurements

Autonomous orbit determination is the ability of navigation satellites to estimate the orbit parameters on-board using inter-satellite link (ISL) measurements. This study mainly focuses on data processing of the ISL measurements as a new measurement type and its application on the centralized autonomous orbit determination of the new-generation Beidou navigation satellite system satellites for the first time. The ISL measurements are dual one-way measurements that follow a time division multiple access (TDMA) structure. The ranging error of the ISL measurements is less than 0.25 ns. This paper proposes a derivation approach to the satellite clock offsets and the geometric distances from TDMA dual one-way measurements without a loss of accuracy. The derived clock offsets are used for time synchronization, and the derived geometry distances are used for autonomous orbit determination. The clock offsets from the ISL measurements are consistent with the L-band two-way satellite, and time–frequency transfer clock measurements and the detrended residuals vary within 0.5 ns. The centralized autonomous orbit determination is conducted in a batch mode on a ground-capable server for the feasibility study. Constant hardware delays are present in the geometric distances and become the largest source of error in the autonomous orbit determination. Therefore, the hardware delays are estimated simultaneously with the satellite orbits. To avoid uncertainties in the constellation orientation, a ground anchor station that “observes” the satellites with on-board ISL payloads is introduced into the orbit determination. The root-mean-square values of orbit determination residuals are within 10.0 cm, and the standard deviation of the estimated ISL hardware delays is within 0.2 ns. The accuracy of the autonomous orbits is evaluated by analysis of overlap comparison and the satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals and is compared with the accuracy of the L-band orbits. The results indicate that the radial overlap differences between the autonomous orbits are less than 15.0 cm for the inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites and less than 10.0 cm for the MEO satellites. The SLR residuals are approximately 15.0 cm for the IGSO satellites and approximately 10.0 cm for the MEO satellites, representing an improvement over the L-band orbits.     

顾及GRACE季节影响的华北平原水储量变化反演

基于移去-恢复方法,利用GRACE卫星重力数据研究了华北平原2003年1月—2014年6月的陆地水变化,提出了一种顾及季节影响尺度因子计算方法,用于减小GRACE后处理误差。将本文方法所得结果与水文模式和降水模型结合进行比较分析,结果表明：2008年之前华北平原发生比较明显的干旱现象,陆地水和地表水分别以（-7.9±2.4）mm/a和（-7.3±2.8）mm/a的速度下降,但地下水仅以（-0.6±1.4）mm/a的速度减少;2008年之后,陆地水和地表水分别以（4.3±1.3）mm/a和（10.9±2.1）mm/a的速度上升,期间地下水的超采严重,平均以（-6.5±1.2）mm/a的速度下降,但下降速度以0.9 mm/a²的趋势减缓。研究期间内,华北平原的陆地水、地表水和地下水整体分别呈现（-2.0±0.6）、（2.9±0.7）和（-4.8±0.7）mm/a的变化趋势。最后,利用交叉小波谱分析了GRACE滞后于降水的现象。研究结论表明,降水和地下水开采是影响华北平原水储量变化的两大决定性因素。     

高分辨率遥感卫星颤振探测的相位相关分析法

平台颤振是影响高分辨率卫星影像几何和辐射质量的关键因素。为提高从影像反演平台颤振特性的可行性和可信度,本文提出基于局部频率分析相位相关的智能化视差法颤振探测方法。通过结合结构影像表达和相位相关,并充分利用影像的局部和全局相位信息,减少了辐射变化和噪声等干扰因素对亚像素偏移值估计的影响,同时融入视差法颤振探测框架,保证精确稳健的密集匹配,从而实现高效的平台颤振精密探测。通过采用实际辐射变化数据集的算法对比及采用资源三号卫星影像的颤振探测试验验证了本文方法的有效性。结果表明,局部频率分析相位相关算法在辐射差异和噪声等情况下效果优于其他主流相位相关算法,匹配精度达到0.05个像素,本文颤振探测方法有效估计了资源三号卫星的颤振信息。     

数字线划地图建模中所遇问题分析

数字线划地图建模是从一体化空间数据模型入手,有效地解决一次生产两套数据的难题,实现制图与建库数据的联动,使得空间数据与地图符号在统一框架下管理。文中结合在Geoway软件下的生产实践,对数字线划地图建模中遇到的水系渐变处理、道路实部相交、境界跳绘,面状填充符号4个问题进行研究,并提出模型的改进方法,从而提高空间数据和制图数据的生产效率,增强数据的正确性,使得大批量生产时,人工编辑的工作量减少,自动化的生产效率得到提高。     

Curve matching approaches to waveform classification: a case study using ICESat data

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) waveforms are being increasingly used in many forest and urban applications, especially for ground feature classification. However, most studies relied on either discretizing waveforms to multiple returns or extracting shape metrics from waveforms. The direct use of the full waveform, which contains the most comprehensive and accurate information has been scarcely explored. We proposed to utilize the complete waveform to test its ability to differentiate between objects having distinct vertical structures using curve matching approaches. Two groups of curve matching approaches were developed by extending methods originally designed for pixel-based hyperspectral image classification and object-based high spatial image classification. The first group is based on measuring the curve similarity between an unknown waveform and a reference waveform, including curve root sum squared differential area (CRSSDA), curve angle mapper (CAM), and Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence. The second group assesses the curve similarity between an unknown and reference cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of their waveforms, including cumulative curve root sum squared differential area (CCRSSDA), cumulative curve angle mapper (CCAM), and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) distance. When employed to classify open space, trees, and buildings using ICESat waveform data, KL provided the highest average classification accuracy (87%), closely followed by CCRSSDA and CCAM, and they all significantly outperformed KS, CRSSDA, and CAM based on 15 randomized sample sets.     

机器学习辅助下的概率积分法参数预计模型寻优

收集整理了多组地表移动观测站资料作为训练样本和检验样本,以工作面地质采矿条件为输入集,概率积分法预计参数为输出集,利用机器学习方法对概率积分法预测参数进行了预测。选取支持向量机、BP神经网络和偏最小二乘法3种机器学习方法对训练样本进行训练,利用训练所得模型预测检验样本中的概率积分法预测参数,并将预测结果与观测站实测值进行对比。结果表明,利用支持向量机预测下沉系数、主要影响角正切值及水平移动系数的精度最高,其平均相对误差分别达到7.46%、4.00%、13.17%;拐点偏距及开采影响传播角利用偏最小二乘法预计精度最高,平均相对误差分别为10.83%、0.88%;总体而言支持向量机的预测精度最为稳定。