淮河流域水文随机方法的径流图化(英文)

Theoretical difficulties for mapping and for estimating river regime characteristics in a large-scale basin remain because of the nature of the variable under study: river flows are related to a specific area, i.e. the drainage basin, and are hierarchically organized in space through the river network with upstream-downstream dependencies. Another limitation is there are not enough gauge stations in developing countries. This presentation aims at de-veloping the hydro-stochastic approach for producing choropleth maps of average annual runoff and computing mean discharge along the main river network for a large-scale basin. The approach applied to mean annual runoff is based on geostatistical interpolation proce-dures coupled with water balance and data uncertainty analyses. It is proved by an applica-tion in the upstream at Bengbu in the Huaihe River Basin, a typical large-scale basin in China. Hydro-stochasitic approach in a first step interpolates to a regular grid net and in a second step the grid values are integrated along rivers. The interpolation scheme includes a con-straint to be able to account for the lateral water balance along the rivers. Grid runoff map with 10 km × 10 km resolution and the discharge map along the river with the 1 km basic length unit are the main results in this study. This kind of statistic approach can be widely used be-cause it avoids the complexity of hydrological models and does not depend on the meteoro-logical data.     

伊犁地块北缘早志留世辉绿岩脉岩石成因与构造启示: 年代学与地球化学制约

伊犁地块北缘发育新元古代、石炭纪等多期基性岩脉, 记录了区域构造体制转换过程的重要信息。本文报道了在伊犁地块北缘温泉县乌斯图一带出露的前寒武纪变质岩系中新识别出早志留世辉绿岩脉及其围岩锆石U-Pb年龄与Hf同位素、岩石地球化学及全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成, 并探讨了岩石成因及其构造意义。辉绿岩锆石U-Pb年龄为442±7Ma, 形成于早志留世; 围岩(淡色花岗岩)锆石U-Pb年龄为901±3Ma, 形成于新元古代早期。辉绿岩样品具有较高的Fe₂O₃^T(8.34%~9.81%)、全碱含量(K₂O+Na₂O=5.72%~6.86%)和较低的MgO (3.69%~4.38%)和TiO₂ (1.69%~2.00%)含量, 属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs, 如Rb、Th、U、K), 亏损高场强元素(HFSEs, 如Nb、Ta、Ti), 具有较低的Nb/Th比值(0.13~1.16)、Nb/La比值(0.42~0.45)及较高的Zr/Hf比值(39.6~42.2), 锆石ε_Hf(t)值介于+3.0~+9.1, 全岩ε_Nd(t)值介于+1.9~+3.6, 暗示其来源于受俯冲流体改造的岩石圈地幔, 源区岩石主要为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和石榴石二辉橄榄岩。同时, 岩石具有较低的Mg^#值(49.6~52.5)和Cr(39.8×10^-6)、Ni(17.1×10^-6)含量, 表明岩浆的演化过程中经历了镁铁质矿物的分离结晶, 受地壳混染作用不明显。岩石Zr(212×10^-6~242×10^-6)、Hf(5.16×10^-6~6.02×10^-6)、Nb(6.69×10^-6~9.24×10^-6)、Ta(0.60×10^-6~0.81×10^-6)元素含量及Zr/Y(5.21~6.82)、Hf/Th(0.69~0.91)比值等指示辉绿岩脉形成于伸展环境, 可能与奥陶纪末阿克陶-温泉微地块拼贴到伊犁地块后诱发的俯冲板片角度变化或构造体制转换而导致的伸展构造背景有关。

     

Physicochemistry and Mineralogy of Storm Dust and Dust Sediment in Northern China

Dust sediments collected from 1995 to 1998 in Beijing, Dunhuang, Inner Mongolia, Kashi, the Kunlun Mountains, Lanzhou, Ningxia, the Taklimakan Desert, and Xi‘an, China, were characterized in terms of their physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. Most aerosols and dust analysed ranged in texture from silty clay to clay loam. Their median particle diameters (Mds) generally ranged between 5 to 63μm,coinciding with those of loess from central China and the finest sand from northwestern China. The dust sediments were characterized by a predominance of SiO2 and Al2O3, followed by K2O. Their SiO2/Al2O3and K2O/SiO2 molar ratios ranged from 5.17 to 8.43 and from 0.009 to 0.0368, respectively. The mass concentration spectrum during a dust storm showed a single peak, rather than the triple peak generally observed under clear sky conditions. The dominant minerals were chlorite, illite, calcite, and dolomite.These physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties were consistent with those of aeolian soils and loess in western and central China. The results suggest that aerosols and fine-gained fractions of dust sediments collected in northern China are mainly composed of soil material transported from the arid and semiarid regions of China and Mongolia by prevailing winds. The rate of deposition and properties of dust falling on eastern China were strongly influenced by meteorological conditions, season, latitude, longitude, and altitude of the sampling sites.     

High-resolution satellite image segmentation using Hölder exponents

Texture in high-resolution satellite images requires substantial amendment in the conventional segmentation algorithms. A measure is proposed to compute the Hölder exponent (HE) to assess the roughness or smoothness around each pixel of the image. The localized singularity information is incorporated in computing the HE. An optimum window size is evaluated so that HE reacts to localized singularity. A two-step iterative procedure for clustering the transformed HE image is adapted to identify the range of HE, densely occupied in the kernel and to partition Hölder exponents into a cluster that matches with the range. Hölder exponent values (noise or not associated with the other cluster) are clubbed to a nearest possible cluster using the local maximum likelihood analysis.     

新疆和田河流域柽柳沙堆的生物地貌发育过程

Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas,distributing in the arid region of China.Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories,analysis in this paper refers to the biological geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in the middle and lower reaches of the Hotan River,Xin- jiang.And the results indicate that the ecological type of Tamarix in the study area is a kind of Tugaic soil habitat based on the deep soil of the Populus Diversifolia f...     

Aluminum Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Rich Countries

The article attempts to test the aluminum consumption–economic growth nexus for 20 rich economies for the period 1970–2009. Various panel data unit root and cointegration tests are applied. The series are found to be integrated of order one and cointegrated, especially after controlling for cross-sectional dependence. Moreover, the Blundell–Bond system generalized methods-of-moments is employed to conduct a panel causality test in a vector error-correction mechanism setting. Unidirectional causality running from aluminum consumption to real GDP is uncovered in the short-run, while real GDP is found to Granger-cause aluminum consumption in the long-run. Moreover, a 1% increase in real GDP generates an increase of 0.44% in aluminum consumption in the long-run for the whole panel.     

Elastic anisotropy of ferromagnesian post-perovskite in Earth's D” layer

We report experimental observation of a sizable elastic anisotropy in a polycrystalline sample of ferromagnesian silicate in post-perovskite (ppv) structure. Using a novel composite X-ray transparent gasket to contain and synthesize ppv in a panoramic diamond-anvil cell along with oblique X-ray diffraction geometry, we observed the anisotropic lattice strain and {1 0 0} or {1 1 0} slip-plane texture in the sample at 140 GPa. We deduced the elasticity tensor (c_ij), orientation-dependent compressional wave velocities, polarization-dependent shear-wave velocities, and the velocity anisotropy of the silicate ppv. Our results are consistent with calculations and indicate that with sufficient preferred orientation, the elastic anisotropy of this phase can produce large shear-wave splitting.     

Automatic mapping of lunar landforms using DEM-derived geomorphometric parameters

Developing approaches to automate the analysis of the massive amounts of data sent back from the Moon will generate significant benefits for the field of lunar geomorphology. In this paper, we outline an automated method for mapping lunar landforms that is based on digital terrain analysis. An iterative self-organizing (ISO) cluster unsupervised classification enables the automatic mapping of landforms via a series of input raster bands that utilize six geomorphometric parameters. These parameters divide landforms into a number of spatially extended, topographically homogeneous segments that exhibit similar terrain attributes and neighborhood properties. To illustrate the applicability of our approach, we apply it to three representative test sites on the Moon, automatically presenting our results as a thematic landform map. We also quantitatively evaluated this approach using a series of confusion matrices, achieving overall accuracies as high as 83.34% and Kappa coefficients (K) as high as 0.77. An immediate version of our algorithm can also be applied for automatically mapping large-scale lunar landforms and for the quantitative comparison of lunar surface morphologies.     

Automated mapping of rock slope geometry,kinematics and stability with RSS-GIS

A GIS-implemented, deterministic approach for the automated spatial evaluation of geometrical and kinematical properties of rock slope terrains is presented. Based on spatially distributed directional information on planar geological fabrics and DEM-derived topographic attribute data, the internal geometry of rock slopes can be characterized on a grid cell basis. For such computations, different approaches for the analysis and regionalization of available structural directional information applicable in specific tectonic settings are demonstrated and implemented in a GIS environment. Simple kinematical testing procedures based on feasibility criteria can be conducted on a pixel basis to determine which failure mechanisms are likely to occur at particular terrain locations. In combination with hydraulic and strength data on geological discontinuities, scenario-based rock slope stability evaluations can be performed. For conceptual investigations on rock slope failure processes, a GIS-based specification tool for a 2-D distinct element code (UDEC) was designed to operate with the GIS-encoded spatially distributed rock slope data. The concepts of the proposed methodology for rock slope hazard assessments are demonstrated at three different test sites in Germany.     

短波红外CO2反演过程约束研究及初步反演结果

短波红外通道卫星CO2遥感是近年国际研究热点。首先,开展了卫星观测对气溶胶及大气温度的敏感性研究;其次,针对基于最优化理论的非线性迭代反演方法反演过程中的不收敛问题,提出了修正的阻尼牛顿方法(MDNM),并利用模拟数据评估了MDNM方法的有效性;最后,利用GOSAT卫星数据反演CO2的垂直混合比浓度,并与地基TCCON站点数进行比对。研究结果表明:短波近红外CO2卫星遥感受气溶胶散射及温度影响明显;通过地基比对初步验证了MDNM具有良好的精度,两者的相关性R2达到了0.729。