Numerical simulation of the effect of lower positive charge region in thunderstorms on different types of lightning

Combined with the existing stochastic lightning parameterization scheme, a classic tripole charge structure in thunderstorms is assumed in the paper, and then 2-dimensional fine-resolution lighting discharge simulations are performed to quantitatively investigate the effect of lower positive charge (LPC) on different types of lightning. The results show: (1) The LPC plays a key role in generating negative cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes and inverted intra-cloud (IC) lightning, and with the increase of charge density or distribution range of LPC region, lightning type changes from positive polarity IC lightning to negative CG flashes and then to inverted IC lightning. (2) Relative to distribution range of charge regions, the magnitude of charge density of the LPC region plays a dominant role in lightning type. Only when the maximal charge density value of LPC region is within a certain range, can negative CG flashes occur, and the occurrence probability is relatively fixed. (3) In this range, the charge density and distribution range of LPC region jointly determine the occurrence of negative CG flashes, which has a linear boundary with the trigger condition of IC lightning. (4) The common effect of charge density and distribution range of the LPC region is to change the distribution of positive potential well of bottom part of thunderstorms, and inverted IC lightning occurs when the initial reference potential is close to 0 MV, and negative CG flashes occur when the initial reference potential is far less than 0 MV.     

金字塔沙丘近地表流场及其对月牙泉影响研究

对月牙泉景区气象站点资料和积沙量统计分析以及月牙泉北侧金字塔沙丘近地表流场野外观测表明：受地形影响,月牙泉景区和金字塔沙丘各点起沙风玫瑰和输沙势玫瑰在监测期内差别较大。在金字塔沙丘影响下,不同风向下气流发生多次分离和汇集,沙丘近地表气流发生明显变化,携沙气流行进方向发生改变。金字塔沙丘坡面上各点合成输沙势和起沙风与坡面走向呈垂直角度,气流沿坡面爬越沙丘时,动能发生损耗,携沙能力减弱,减少了进入月牙泉的风沙量,减弱了月牙泉的风沙灾害。     

不同扰动方式对沙砾质戈壁地表风蚀量的影响

通过野外风洞实验,测定了不同破坏方式、破坏面积和风速下的沙砾质戈壁风蚀量。结果表明：不同破坏方式引起的风蚀量不同,扰动强度越大造成的风蚀量越多;相同扰动方式下连续破坏造成的风蚀量稍高于间隔破坏。风蚀总量随破坏面积的增大而增加,且服从指数函数。风速为8～10 m·s^-1时,扰动的戈壁地表以轻微侵蚀为主;10～12 m·s^-1 是风蚀量增幅最大阶段;当风速大于 12 m·s^-1时,以强烈风蚀为主。风沙流中沙物质的主体是细沙和极细沙,在20 cm高度范围内,自风沙流下层至上层细沙含量比较稳定,极细沙含量逐渐降低,中沙含量逐渐上升。     

台风雷达三维组网产品显示系统研制

在台风组网产品生成系统的基础上,根据台风监测预警的实际情况,开发台风雷达三维组网产品显示系统。该显示系统兼顾实时处理和历史数据分析的需求,实现了台风三维组网产品的实时监测、动画显示、风场叠加等多种功能,并运用切面插值算法、台风非对称性方向识别算法实现了最大对称轴和非对称轴的自动定位及其切面显示、台风不同距离的平均RHI切面显示。介绍显示方法、相关算法和主要功能模块,并使用 “黑格比”台风作为实例,结合图像分析台风的非对称性和移动路径、强回波区、螺旋雨带的对应关系,取得良好的应用效果。     

浅析广西北海市气象科技服务现状及对策

通过对北海市气象局科技服务发展所存在的问题进行分析,找出了这些问题的本因和彼此间的联系,提出相应的建议,为推进气象局科技服务工作健康稳定、可持续发展提供有益的参考。     

Biological Processes Responsible for Travertine Deposition: A Review and Future Prospect

The investigation of biological processes responsible for travertine deposition allows us to better understand the travertine petrographic and geochemical signatures as proxies of climatic and environmental change. This paper reviewed the organisms associated with travertines, the biotic micro-fabrics formed within travertines, the biological processes associated with travertine precipitation and their controls on travertine geochemical properties. Prospects of the future research on biological processes responsible for travertine precipitation were provided. Bacteria, algae and mosses are the most important organisms that involve in the precipitation of travertines. The growth of these organisms leads to the formation of a range of various porosity, crystal fabrics and lamination within travertines. Three main biological processes responsible for travertine deposition can be classified, including \mathrm{①} a process of aquatic plant growth generating a turbulent condition and consequent CO₂ evasion, \mathrm{②} a metabolic (mainly photosynthetic) process mediating carbonate precipitation and \mathrm{③} a ‘surface-control’ process influencing nucleation and crystal growth. These processes play an important role in the migration and transformation of elements in travertine-depositing system and thus determine the properties of water chemistry and geochemistry of carbonate deposits. Travertine deposits have great potential to be valuable records for the geobiological study. Further investigation is required to simultaneously track biotic and abiotic interactions in modern travertine-depositing environments and quantify the contribution of these two processes and apply the results to accurately interpret travertine records.     

湘东南水口地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

利用1∶5万水口幅水系沉积物测量成果,分析研究湘东南水口地区水系沉积物地球化学特征。利用DGSInfo软件对元素分布、单元素异常、元素相关性、异常元素组合等特征进行分析研究,认为W、Sn、Bi、Cu、Ag为区内的主要成矿元素,共圈出15处地球化学综合异常。结合综合异常所处的成矿地质条件进行综合分析,划分为下湾毒砂金锑找矿远景区、联坑—渣村钨钼铜铅锌多金属找矿远景区、曾子坳—鹰咀岩—田心钨锡铜多金属找矿远景区。通过对远景区内的综合异常查证,在下湾AS1综合异常区、联坑AS3综合异常区、曾子坳AS6综合异常区均找到了与异常相关的矿化信息。结果表明,水系沉积物地球化学测量在该区具有较好的找矿效果,为研究区下一步的找矿工作指明了方向。     

博茨瓦纳马卡迪卡迪盐湖卤水特征及找钾前景分析

马卡迪卡迪盐湖区为一现代干盐湖,盐湖以湖相碎屑沉积为主,在东侧的苏阿干盐湖赋存有高矿化孔隙卤水,通过对盐湖卤水系统的采样分析及综合研究,卤水主要化学组分为Na+和Cl-,其次为CO3^-2、HCO3^-,SO4^-2、K^+,矿化度平均为257.96g/L,卤水水化学类型为碳酸盐型;卤水组分与矿化度呈明显的正相关,表明卤水还未达到饱和阶段;受湖区构造及补给来源的影响,卤水的富集区位于研究区的西北部,同时也是矿化度最高的地区;KCl的含量在0.39%~0.99%之间,平均在0.65%,已超过液体钾盐矿的最低工业品位,分布面积约690km2,具有一定找矿前景。     

The surface dilational viscosity of polypropylene glycol solutions and its influence on water flow and foam behavior

The non-equilibrium interfacial properties of a homologous series of aqueous polypropylene glycol solutions (400–2000 g/mol) were investigated as a function of concentration to understand their role in determining foam behavior. The overflowing cylinder technique was used to generate a continually expanding surface. Static and dynamic surface tensions, as well as the surface velocity of the expanding surface, were characterized. The surface dilational viscosity was compared to water flow rate and foam retention time of the polypropylene glycol solutions reported in the literature. This study suggests that the surface dilational viscosity is a key parameter in the Marangoni effect which retards water drainage, resulting in wetter foam and increased water recovery across flowing foams.     

Structural Evolution of the Eastern Qiulitagh Fold and Thrust Belt, Northern Tarim Basin, China

The eastern Qiulitagh fold and thrust belt (EQFTB) is part of the active Kuqa fold and thrust belts of the northern Tarirn Basin. Seismic reflection profiles have been integrated with surface geologic and drill data to examine the deformation and structure style of the EQFTB, particularly the deformational history of the Dina 2 gas field. Seismic interpretations suggest that Dongqiu 8 is overall a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust, which generated from a tipline in the Miocene Jidike Formation, and the sole thrust was initiated from the same Jidike Formation evaporite zone that extends westward beneath the Kuqatawu anticline. Dongqiu 5 is a pop-up structure at the western part of the EQFTB, also developed beneath the Jidike Formation evaporite. Very gentle basement dip and steep dipping topographic slope in the EQFTB suggest that the Jidike Formation salt provides effective decoupling. The strong deformation in the EQFTB appears to have developed further south, in an area where evaporite may be lacking. Since the Pliocene, the EQFTB has moved farther south over the evaporite and reached the Yaken area. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests that the minimum shortening across the EQFTB is more than 7800 m. Assuming that this shortening occurred during the 5.3 Ma timespan, the shortening rate is approximately 1.47 ram/year.