遥感技术在我国水电建设前期工作中的应用

本文回顾了我国水电遥感工作自８０年代以来的发展状况，详细介绍了我国水电遥感调查工作的内容，方法及其所到得的效益，指出我国水电遥感工作具规模宏大，内容广泛，协同攻关的特点，也存在着遥感资料应用尚不够充分等三方面的不足。够     

AutoCAD技术在道路工程施工测量中的应用

在道路建设中,通常分为几个标段同时施工,每个标段里一般包括路基及各种构造物,因此,施工测量任务十分繁重,由于全站仪在工程测量中的普遍应用,其极坐标放样功能使测量工作中出现错误主要为坐标计算错误,特别是具有记忆功能的全站仪,可以事先输入坐标,复核后再到现场放样。所以测量的主要工作就是根据施工图纸计算其各个部位的坐标,而如何快速、准确地计算坐标是关键所在。应用AutoCAD技术进行坐标定位计算,则可以做到事半功倍,并能取得良好的施工效果。     

城区内涝淹没模拟算法

针对城区内涝淹没范围和水深模拟问题,该文提出了一种基于约束Delaunay不规则三角网与三棱柱的城区内涝淹没模拟算法。该算法以沿地面三角形的顶点垂直向上引垂线形成的三棱柱为计算单元,通过"等体积"的方法,建立时间序列切片下的淹没水深和积水量的关系,据此实现淹没范围和水深模拟。以北京师范大学(简称"北师大")主校区为例,对单汇水区的水面高程上升模拟结果与实际观测值进行对比,基本吻合;并与传统栅格DEM的淹没效果进行了对比,表明该算法正确有效。     

Rock Mass Deformation Characteristics in High-Steep Slopes Influenced by Open-Pit to Underground Mining

In Daye Iron Mine, the open-pit mining has ended and the underground mining started in 2003. The present pit slopes are as high as 430 m and the slope angle is up to 43°. During the process of open-pit to underground mining, the high-steep pit slopes would be affected by both open-pit mining and underground mining, and its deformation characteristics would become more complex. So in this paper, the trinity method of numerical simulation, model experiment and field test was adopted to analyze the displacement and stress fields systematically. The results show that: (1) Prominent rebound deformation occurs near the slope foot, which is induced by the unloading in open-pit mining. When it is backfilled to 0 m level, the rebound deformation decreases, which indicate that backfilling mass can restrict the deformation and improve the slope stability; (2) Subsidence dominates the slope deformation in open-pit to underground mining and it increases with an increasing elevation of monitoring point; the maximum horizontal displacement occurs in the lower part of the slopes, because the backfilled part is squeezed by both the north slope and the south slope, and it has a lower elastic modulus than the previous orebody; (3) The stress and its variability near the slope foot are much larger than other places, indicating that the slope foot is most affected by stress redistribution and stress concentration may occur here; the stress at other stress monitoring points changes little, indicating that the influence of open-pit to underground mining is local; (4) The effect of underground mining on the deformation of the faults is not prominent; (5) Mining operations in near-ground part affect more on the variation of deformation and stress of pit slopes than that in deeper part.     

利用两种指纹因子判别小流域泥沙来源

为精确识别黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域泥沙来源,分析了流域内“源-汇”地区土壤的理化性质及生物标志物（正构烷烃）作为潜在指纹识别因子,并建立了复合指纹模型。结果显示:单独的土壤理化指纹及正构烷烃均不能有效识别泥沙来源;土壤理化指纹和正构烷烃分别在林地、农地及沟道的辨别上显示出其局限性。多元化的复合指纹（碳优势指数CPI、Ca、TP、C₂₀、C₂₉、Fe）则能辨别90.5%的泥沙来源。模型结果显示沟道是该流域泥沙的主要来源,占60.8%,其次为农地占20.7%,林地占11.3%,草地占7.2%。研究表明,结合生物标志物的复合指纹法能更精确地反映泥沙来源,适用于各泥沙源头的地质条件差异较小的流域,对黄土高原小流域水土流失治理具有指导意义。     

岷江上游槽谷曲流段大型古滑坡成因与复活性分析——以松潘县元坝子古滑坡为例

岷江上游靠近分水岭部位的槽谷曲流河段,由于地壳抬升缓慢,河谷宽、岸坡缓,降雨量相对偏少,通常被认为发生大型滑坡的可能性较小。但通过笔者近年来的调查发现,在岷江上游红桥关至西宁关的槽谷曲流段两岸大型滑坡密集发育,且大多具有地震滑坡的特征,同时个别滑坡受后期江水冲刷、工程开挖等因素影响复活。文章选取其中较为典型的元坝子滑坡为例进行解剖,元坝子滑坡位于岷江曲流凹岸,长780 m,宽480 m,体积293×104 m3。通过地质分析、测年鉴定和数值模拟,认为该滑坡是历史地震引发的大型岩质古滑坡,其发展经历了斜坡裂缝、地震滑坡、河流下切和前缘复活等阶段。稳定性计算结果显示,目前滑坡整体天然工况下稳定性好,极端暴雨工况下欠稳定,受江水冲刷、降雨、融雪等因素影响,出现局部变形复活。建议应加强滑坡变形监测,避免整体滑动造成堵江、威胁成兰铁路安全。     

西藏加查拉岗村巨型古滑坡发育特征与形成机理研究

青藏高原地质构造活跃,内外动力作用强烈,加之气候异常变化,区内大型滑坡发育。以雅鲁藏布江断裂附近新发现的拉岗村古滑坡为研究对象,在现场调查、槽探揭露、地质测年和工程地质分析等基础上,对其发育特征及成因机制进行了分析研究。研究表明,(1)拉岗村滑坡属巨型岩质滑坡,体积达3.6×107 m3,最大水平滑动距离约3050m,滑坡后壁与堆积体前缘高差达965m,最大运动速率达78.1m/s,具明显高速远程特征;(2)受冷冻风化和冰体"楔劈"作用影响,滑坡后部岩体崩裂,全新世以来气候变化冰川逐渐消退,融雪降水入渗加剧劣化岩体结构,降低岩体强度;(3)根据14 C和10Be测年结果,拉岗村古滑坡形成于距今4140~9675a,沿雅鲁藏布江断裂发生的强震可能是该滑坡的直接诱因,岩体受到地震抛掷力作用,原有节理裂隙和新生破裂面发生张剪-拉裂破坏迅速贯通,首先沿断裂附近碎裂结构岩体发生破坏,上部岩体随之失稳并高速下滑。该研究可为认识青藏高原断裂带内大型古滑坡的形成机理提供借鉴。     

改进的无网格法及其在冻土区桩基温度场中的应用

采用带权正交基函数对传统的无网格法中的基函数进行了改进,避免了计算过程中可能出现的矩阵不可逆情况,而且编程容易实现且计算效率高。并将其应用到冻土区桩基包括了热传导和相变潜热的温度场中,同时考虑了混凝土水化热释放对桩周冻土的影响,将计算结果和有限元计算结果及现场实测数据进行了比较分析,从趋势和最大数值看都反映了实测曲线的趋势,又把不同深度处桩侧和不同桩径处温度随时间的变化规律计算结果和有限元计算结果做了对比,都验证了该方法的可行性和优越性。     

Research Progress and Prospect on Reactivation of Ancient Landslides

The ancient landslide has endured long-term slope evolution which results in its complicated material and special rock-soil properties. The risk of ancient landslide reactivation is substantially increasing due to the increase of intensified human engineering activities and the frequency of extreme weather events. Many ancient landslides have been reactivated all over the world and led to serious fatalities and severe damage to many important engineering facilities such as transportation and hydropower engineering projects. On the basis of the analysis of the research situation about the ancient landslides at home and abroad, the main research advances were summarized including the regional developing laws and recognizing of the ancient landslides, the mechanics properties of ancient landslide body and related sliding zone, reactivation mechanism of ancient landslides, reactivating process and modeling analysis of ancient landslides, early recognization of ancient landslide reactivation, etc. To meet the demands of disaster prevention and reduction, three key scientific issues were put forward to be solved: ①automaticaly establishing the methodology and identification criterions for recognition of ancient landslide; ②revealing the reactivation mechanism of ancient landslide based on a new strength theory; ③establishing the early rapid recognition method and predictive model for ancient landslide reactivation. Solving the above mentioned scientific theory and methodology will facilitate the planning and site selection of major projects as well as the disaster prevention and reduction in ancient landslide developing areas.