全文获取类型
收费全文 | 29029篇 |
免费 | 1121篇 |
国内免费 | 2119篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1583篇 |
大气科学 | 3132篇 |
地球物理 | 5944篇 |
地质学 | 13739篇 |
海洋学 | 1607篇 |
天文学 | 1856篇 |
综合类 | 2592篇 |
自然地理 | 1816篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 22篇 |
2023年 | 86篇 |
2022年 | 215篇 |
2021年 | 277篇 |
2020年 | 176篇 |
2019年 | 261篇 |
2018年 | 4969篇 |
2017年 | 4231篇 |
2016年 | 2815篇 |
2015年 | 473篇 |
2014年 | 416篇 |
2013年 | 291篇 |
2012年 | 1282篇 |
2011年 | 3005篇 |
2010年 | 2283篇 |
2009年 | 2557篇 |
2008年 | 2134篇 |
2007年 | 2568篇 |
2006年 | 271篇 |
2005年 | 374篇 |
2004年 | 533篇 |
2003年 | 575篇 |
2002年 | 396篇 |
2001年 | 174篇 |
2000年 | 214篇 |
1999年 | 206篇 |
1998年 | 215篇 |
1997年 | 173篇 |
1996年 | 153篇 |
1995年 | 169篇 |
1994年 | 135篇 |
1993年 | 136篇 |
1992年 | 96篇 |
1991年 | 59篇 |
1990年 | 52篇 |
1989年 | 52篇 |
1988年 | 44篇 |
1987年 | 42篇 |
1986年 | 26篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 27篇 |
1980年 | 25篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 7篇 |
1958年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
131.
Marina Hruška William Corea Donald Seeburger William Schweller William H. Crane 《Mathematical Geosciences》2009,41(6):703-716
We describe a wavelet-transform-based method for automated segmentation of resistivity image logs that takes into account
the apparent dip in the data and addresses the problem of discriminating lithofacies boundaries from noise and intrafacies
variations. Our method can be applied to borehole measurements in general, but might have an advantage when applied to resistivity
image logs as it addresses explicitly the large variability in facies segments recorded with a high-resolution multiple-sensor
tool. We have developed an algorithm based on this method that might outperform other existing segmentation methods in the
cases of low to moderate dip. We made a detailed comparison of the segmentation from our method with the one done by a geologist
to delineate different lithofacies blocks in a well drilled in a deepwater depositional environment. Our results show considerable
success rates in reproducing the geologically defined lithofacies boundaries, and the generality of our procedure suggests
it could also be applied to other depositional environments. 相似文献
132.
ZHENG Xiaodong XIAO Shu WANG Zhaoping WANG Rucai 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2007,6(4):393-397
The secretion function of mantle is closely related to shell formation in some bivalves and gastropods. Up to now, few researches have been reported for cuttlebone formation in the class Cephalopoda. In this study, the structure and secretion function of cuttlebone sac of the golden cuttlefish Sepia esculenta was analyzed using the histological and histochemical methods. The results showed that high and columnar cells located in sac epithelium, and flat cells existed near the base membrane. A lot of fibroblasts were found in the lateral mantle collective tissue. Some mucus, mucopolysaccharide and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were found in the sac. The ultrastructural characteristics of Quasi-connective-tissue-calcium cells (QCTCC) were observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The relationship between cuttlebone sac secretion function and shell formation was discussed. 相似文献
133.
生物基可降解聚乳酸(PLA)沙障对沙丘表层沉积物粒度特征的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以吉兰泰盐湖北部流沙区铺设8 a的不同规格聚乳酸(PLA)沙障内沉积物为研究对象,利用激光衍射技术分析了沙丘表层0~3 cm沉积物粒度组成,计算并分析平均粒径、标准偏差等粒度参数,探讨了影响障内沉积物相对粗细的关键组分,分析PLA沙障的防沙效益。结果表明:PLA沙障内沉积物以细沙、中沙、极细沙为主。中沙、极细沙、细沙是障内沉积物的关键组分。PLA沙障的阻滞作用使得中沙、粗沙含量百分比升高,细颗粒含量百分比降低,障内沙粒分选性逐渐变差,峰态偏离正态分布,向负偏方向发展,频率分布曲线分布范围变宽,累积频率曲线变缓,表层颗粒组成趋于粗化。1 m×1 m规格PLA沙障内均以积沙为主;沙丘迎风坡和背风坡的2 m×2 m、3 m×3 m沙障内均为积沙状态,丘顶则为风蚀状态。综合考虑沙障铺设成本和防护效果,得出研究区域内2 m×2 m规格PLA沙障整体防沙效益最佳。 相似文献
134.
The geomorphological environment is one of the most fundamental variables af-fecting the development of human society.The mission of geomorphological environment research is to explore the most basic environment and features of our Earth’s surface mor-phology.The results can be applied to resource evaluation,environmental protection and reducing and preventing geological disasters.Thus,it can serve to help achieve sustainable development.This paper examines the Shenzhen east coastal zone as a case strongly in-fluenced by urban expansion.We use modern geomorphological theory and methods,along with GIS and RS techniques,to reveal key characteristics of the geomorphological environ-ment and landform classification.Furthermore,coastal ecosystem evaluation and regional resources sustainable utilization should be considered relative to the corresponding geo-morphological environment.Based on this study,we conclude that modern geomorphological theory and methods,supported by "3S" techniques including GIS,RS and GPS,can play an important role in resolving the environment,resources and population problems as well as sustainable development challenges facing humankind at present. 相似文献
135.
Xingping Wen Xiaofeng Yang Guangdao Hu 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2011,39(2):193-201
Urban heat island (UHI) effect has a close relation to land covers type. This paper investigates the relationship between
land cover ratio and UHI in Guangzhou, south of China using remote sensing and automatic weather stations data. The temperature
data were obtained by Automatic weather stations (AWS) of Guangzhou in October, 2004, at the same time with the CBERS remote
sensing image acquired. Firstly, the hourly mean temperature was computed from hourly AWS data. Secondly, the CBERS remote
sensing image was classified using support vector machine (SVM) and land covers classification were output. Thirdly, the classification
result was overlapped with a round buffer with 1.5 KM radius centered on the AWS, and then the land cover ratio, Edge Density
(ED) and Mean Fractal Dimension (MFRACT) of buffers were computed out. Finally, the correlation coefficient between hourly
mean temperature and land cover ratio, ED and MFRACT was calculated. It concluded that UHI intensity was heavier during nighttime
than daytime. Stations with higher vegetation ratio and higher ED had lower heat island effect. On the contrary, stations
with higher impervious ratio and lower ED had more serious heat island effect. The positive–negative of correlation coefficient
between hourly mean temperature and vegetation ratio during 11:00–17:00 h (local time) was opposite to that during other time.
ED was negatively correlated with hourly mean temperature except during 11:00–17:00 h. On the contrary, MFRACT was positively
correlated with hourly mean temperature. It implied that fragmentations of patches were favorable to UHI alleviation, and
complexities of patch were unfavorable factors. 相似文献
136.
Temporal and spatial dynamical simulation of groundwater characteristics in Minqin Oasis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
XIAO DuNing LI XiaoYu ? SONG DongMei & YANG GuoJing Cold Arid Regions Environmental Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China Institute of Geographic Sciences Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(2):261-273
Application scope of geostatistics has been gradually extended from original geologic field to soil science and ecological field, etc. and its successful application results have been widely demonstrated. But little information is reported as to the direct use of geostatistical method to work out the distribu- tion map of groundwater characteristics. In this paper the semivariogram of geostatistics, in combina- tion with GIS, was used to quantitatively study the spatial variation characteristics of groundwater table depth and mineralization degree and their relation to the landuse changes. F test of the used spherical model reached a very significant level, and the theoretical model can well reflect the spatial structural characteristics of groundwater table depth and mineralization degree and achieve an ideal result. This shows that the application of the method in the dynamical simulation of groundwater is feasible. And this paper also provides useful reference for the application of geostatistics in the study of the dy- namical variations of groundwater resources in the oasis. 相似文献
137.
Global climate change is having long-term impacts on the geographic distribution of forest species. However, the response of vertical belts of mountain forests to climate change is still little known. The vertical distribution of forest vegetation(vertical vegetation belt) on Gongga Mountain in Southwest China has been monitored for 30 years. The forest alternation of the vertical vegetation belt under different climate conditions was simulated by using a mathematical model GFSM(the Gongga Forest Succession Model). Three possible Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) climate scenarios(increase of air temperature and precipitation by 1.8℃/5%, 2.8℃/10% and 3.4℃/15% for B_1, A_1B and A_2 scenarios, respectively) were chosen to reflect lower, medium and higher changes of global climate. The vertical belts of mountainous vegetation will shift upward by approximately 300 m, 500 m and 600 m in the B_1, A_1B and A_2 scenarios, respectively, according to the simulated results. Thus, the alpine tree-line will move to a higher altitude. The simulation also demonstrated that, in a changing climate, the shift in the vegetation community will be a slow and extended process characterized by two main phases. During the initial phase, trees of the forest community degrade or die, owing to an inability to adapt to a warmer climate. This results in modest environment for the introduction of opportunistic species, consequently, the vegetation with new dominant tree species becomes predominant in the space vacated by the dead trees at the expense of previously dominated original trees as the succession succeed and climate change advance. Hence, the global climate change would dramatically change forest communities and tree species in mountainous regions because that the new forest community can grow only through the death of the original tree. Results indicated that climate change will cause the change of distribution and composition of forest communities on Gongga Mountain, and this change may enhance as the intensity of climate change increases. As a result, the alternation of death and rebirth would finally result in intensive landscape changes, and may strongly affect the eco-environment of mountainous regions. 相似文献
138.
Combined analyses of pollen, seeds, woods, micro-charcoal and non-pollen palynomorphs from Stagno di Maccarese, an artificially
dried out coastal basin north of the Tiber delta now occupied by the Fiumicino Airport (Rome, Italy), document marked vegetation
and environmental changes during the last 8300 years. Between 8300 and 5400 cal. a BP dense mixed deciduous and evergreen
forests surrounded a eutrophic freshwater basin. An abrupt change around 5400 cal. a BP marks the transition to a marshy environment,
due to a lowering of the water table. An increase of cereals and micro-charcoals matches the presence of a nearby Eneolithic
settlement. Between 5100 and 2900 cal. a BP there is a remarkable expansion of riparian trees, indicating an increase of the
water level. Between 2900 and 2000 cal. a BP, a new development of marshlands points to a progressive lowering of the lake.
After 2000 cal. a BP, during the Roman exploitation of the area, an expansion of arboreal vegetation is recorded, characterized
by evergreen and deciduous oak-dominated forests, while an extensive chenopods marshland matches the presence of saltworks.
On the whole, the Stagno di Maccarese area appears very unstable, due to changes in lake level, introgression of marine water,
eutrophic phases, flood events, desiccations and openings of the forest vegetation. 相似文献
139.
Celia Martín-Puertas Blas L. Valero-Garcés M. Pilar Mata Ana Moreno Santiago Giralt Francisca Martínez-Ruiz Francisco Jiménez-Espejo 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,46(3):405-421
High-resolution geochemical analysis of a 6-m-long sediment core from Zoñar Lake, southern Spain, provides a detailed characterization of major changes in lake and watershed processes during the last 4,000 years. Geochemical variables were used as paleolimnological indicators and complement Zoñar Lakes’s paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on sedimentological and biological proxies, which define periods of increasing allochthonous input to the lake and periods of dominant autochthonous sedimentation. Chemical ratios identify periods of endogenic carbonate formation (higher Ca/Al, Sr/Al and Ba/Al ratios), evaporite precipitation (higher S/Al, Sr/Al ratios), and anoxic conditions (higher Mo/Al, U/Th ratios and Eu anomaly). Higher productivity is marked by elevated organic carbon content and carbonate precipitation (Mg/Ca). Hydrological reconstruction for Zoñar Lake was based on sedimentological, mineralogical and biological proxies, and shows that lower lake levels are characterized by Sr-rich sediments (a brackish lake with aragonite) and S-rich sediments (a saline lake with gypsum), while higher lake levels are characterized by sediments enriched in elements associated with alumino-silicates (Al, K, Ti, Fe, trace and rare earth elements), reflecting fresher conditions. Geochemical indicators also mark periods of higher detrital input to the lake related to human activity in the watershed: (1) during the Iberian Roman Humid Period (650 BC–AD 300), around the onset of the Little Ice Age (AD 1400), during the relatively drier Post-Roman and Middle Ages (AD 800–1400), and over the last 50 years, due to mechanized farming practices. Heavy metal enrichment in the sediments (Cu and Ni) suggests intensification of human activities during the Iberian Roman Period, and the use of fertilizers during the last 50 years. 相似文献
140.
Power spectra of segmentation-cell length (a dominant length scale of EUV emission in the transition region) from full-disk He?ii extreme ultraviolet (EUV) images observed by the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) during periods of quiet-Sun conditions for a time interval from 1996 to 2015 were analyzed. The spatial power as a function of the spatial frequency from about 0.04 to 0.27 (EIT) or up to 0.48 (AIA) Mm?1 depends on the distribution of the observed segmentation-cell dimensions – a structure of the solar EUV network. The temporal variations of the spatial power reported by Didkovsky and Gurman (Solar Phys. 289, 153, 2014) were suggested as decreases at the mid-spatial frequencies for the compared spectra when the power curves at the highest spatial frequencies of 0.5 pix?1 were adjusted to match each other. This approach has been extended in this work to compare spectral ratios at high spatial frequencies expressed in the solar spatial frequency units of Mm?1. A model of EIT and AIA spatial responses allowed us to directly compare spatial spectral ratios at high spatial frequencies for five years of joint operation of EIT and AIA, from 2010 to 2015. Based on this approach, we represent these ratio changes as a long-term network transformation that may be interpreted as a continuous dissipation of mid-size network structures to the smaller-size structures in the transition region. In contrast to expected cycling of the segmentation-cell dimension structures and associated spatial power in the spectra with the solar cycle, the spectra demonstrate a significant and steady change of the EUV network. The temporal trend across these structural spectra is not critically sensitive to any long-term instrumental changes, e.g. degradation of sensitivity, but to the change of the segmentation-cell dimensions of the EUV network structure. 相似文献