The determination of potential difference by the joint application of measured and synthetical gravity data: a case study in Hungary

In an elementary approach every geometrical height difference between the staff points of a levelling line should have a corresponding average g value for the determination of potential difference in the Earth’s gravity field. In practice this condition requires as many gravity data as the number of staff points if linear variation of g is assumed between them. Because of the expensive fieldwork, the necessary data should be supplied from different sources. This study proposes an alternative solution, which is proved at a test bed located in the Mecsek Mountains, Southwest Hungary, where a detailed gravity survey, as dense as the staff point density (~1 point/34 m), is available along a 4.3-km-long levelling line. In the first part of the paper the effect of point density of gravity data on the accuracy of potential difference is investigated. The average g value is simply derived from two neighbouring g measurements along the levelling line, which are incrementally decimated in the consecutive turns of processing. The results show that the error of the potential difference between the endpoints of the line exceeds 0.1 mm in terms of length unit if the sampling distance is greater than 2 km. Thereafter, a suitable method for the densification of the decimated g measurements is provided. It is based on forward gravity modelling utilising a high-resolution digital terrain model, the normal gravity and the complete Bouguer anomalies. The test shows that the error is only in the order of 10⁻³mm even if the sampling distance of g measurements is 4 km. As a component of the error sources of levelling, the ambiguity of the levelled height difference which is the Euclidean distance between the inclined equipotential surfaces is also investigated. Although its effect accumulated along the test line is almost zero, it reaches 0.15 mm in a 1-km-long intermediate section of the line.     

Using gravity and topography-implied anomalies to assess data requirements for precise geoid computation

Many regions around the world require improved gravimetric data bases to support very accurate geoid modeling for the modernization of height systems using GPS. We present a simple yet effective method to assess gravity data requirements, particularly the necessary resolution, for a desired precision in geoid computation. The approach is based on simulating high-resolution gravimetry using a topography-correlated model that is adjusted to be consistent with an existing network of gravity data. Analysis of these adjusted, simulated data through Stokes’s integral indicates where existing gravity data must be supplemented by new surveys in order to achieve an acceptable level of omission error in the geoid undulation. The simulated model can equally be used to analyze commission error, as well as model error and data inconsistencies to a limited extent. The proposed method is applied to South Korea and shows clearly where existing gravity data are too scarce for precise geoid computation.     

A hierarchical model for estimating methane emission from wetlands using MODIS data and ARIMA modeling

A three-step hierarchical Semi Automated Empirical Methane Emission Model (SEMEM) has been used to estimate methane emission from wetlands and waterlogged areas in India using Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor data onboard Terra satellite. Wetland Surface Temperature (WST), methane emission fluxes and wetland extent have been incorporated as parameters in order to model the methane emission. Analysis of monthly MODIS data covering the whole of India from November 2004 to April 2006 was carried out and monthly methane emissions have been estimated. Interpolation techniques were adopted to fill the data gaps due to cloudy conditions during the monsoon period. AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model has been fitted to estimate the emitted methane for the months of May 2006 to August 2006 using SPSS software.     

基于RunMap软件符号化地理信息数据新工艺

本文在概述了使用RunMap软件符号化地理信息数据新工艺流程的基础上,详细叙述该方法中符号库及符号与地物映射表的建立方法,并给出利用RunMap软件符号化地理信息数据的步骤及后期所要做的编辑处理工作.本文给出的方法为符号化地理信息数据提供新思路,提高了符号化的生产效率.     

电子地图的色彩配合实验

在地图的色彩设计中,设计人员不仅要考虑色彩单独使用的效果,而且要考虑地图上各要素的色彩配合,即各种色彩在图面上的整体感受效果。电子地图由于有极大的色彩选择空间,背景色也不局限于白色,因而选色、配色比纸质地图更加复杂。用哪种颜色作为背景色视觉效果较好?图面上各要素的色彩如何配合?针对这两个问题,作者设计了电子地图的一个色彩感受实验——色彩配合实验,利用自编的电子地图视觉感受测试软件(TEVP)进行了实验,文中介绍了该实验的方法和思路。     

绿化遥感中遮蔽校正方法研究

分析了航空绿化遥感中遮蔽对绿化信息提取精度的影响程度,推导了遮蔽的计算公式,提出了可操作的遮蔽校正方法,并对该方法做了简要的分析,得出了一些有益的结论     

电子地图的数据交换(CNSDTF)实现

电子地图是传统地图的矢量数据格式，由于采用不同的软件平台和不同的数据格式，因此在进行数据交换和数据共享时经常需要进行数据格式的转换。中国《地球空间数据交换格式》标准中给出了矢量数据交换的标准格式，对于GIS应用中的矢量数据交换基本已满足要求，但对于电子地图的交换尚有不足。本文在认真研究了电子地图的一般特征后，提出了电子地图所具备的图形表现属性不同于非图形属性的概念，在不违背标准的基本原则下扩充了现有标准的格式，大大方便了电子地图数据的交换，并且给出了程序实现的简要流程。     

区域规划空间信息系统建设与应用研究——以江苏省城乡规划信息系统为例

区域性城乡规划信息系统建设开展较晚,与城市级规划信息系统不同,其应用需求、数据构成、技术架构具有其独特性。结合新一轮江苏省城镇体系规划修编工作,开展全省城乡规划信息数据建库和应用平台的开发工作,系统根据区域规划的编制和研究应用需求,制定了面向未来区域规划工作需求的数据标准,集成了全省多源、多尺度、多时态的空间数据,实现了跨专业、跨平台空间信息的整合与共享。为江苏省城镇体系规划以及其他相关编制提供数据分析、规划决策支撑等服务,并预留未来与其他各类地理信息系统的应用接口。     

基于SWAT模型的细河流域土地利用/覆被变化对径流影响的研究

土地利用/覆被变化对细河流域的水文过程影响显著。为研究不同土地利用/覆被情景对流域水文要素的影响情况,本文构建了适用于细河流域的SWAT分布式水文模型,并拟算出不同情景下的流域多年平均月径流量、多年平均地表径流深度、多年平均蒸发量以及多年平均土壤侧流。模拟结果显示:当流域农林用地增加时,平均月径流量增加了8.40%;当建设用地增加时,平均月径流量减少了4.11%;当旱地及其他未利用地增加时,平均月径流量减少了1.93%。综上所述,细河流域农林用地变化对径流产量的影响相对最大,其增加导致径流量增加;旱地及其他未利用对径流产量的影响相对最小,建设用地和旱地及其他未利用地的增加导致径流量减少。