High- and low-Cr chromitite and dunite in a Tibetan ophiolite: evolution from mature subduction system to incipient forearc in the Neo-Tethyan Ocean

The microstructures, major- and trace-element compositions of minerals and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) maps of high- and low-Cr# [spinel Cr# = Cr³⁺/(Cr³⁺ + Al³⁺)] chromitites and dunites from the Zedang ophiolite in the Yarlung Zangbo Suture (South Tibet) have been used to reveal their genesis and the related geodynamic processes in the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. The high-Cr# (0.77–0.80) chromitites (with or without diopside exsolution) have chromite compositions consistent with initial crystallization by interaction between boninitic magmas, harzburgite and reaction-produced magmas in a shallow, mature mantle wedge. Some high-Cr# chromitites show crystal-plastic deformation and grain growth on previous chromite relics that have exsolved needles of diopside. These features are similar to those of the Luobusa high-Cr# chromitites, possibly recycled from the deep upper mantle in a mature subduction system. In contrast, mineralogical, chemical and EBSD features of the Zedang low-Cr# (0.49–0.67) chromitites and dunites and the silicate inclusions in chromite indicate that they formed by rapid interaction between forearc basaltic magmas (MORB-like but with rare subduction input) and the Zedang harzburgites in a dynamically extended, incipient forearc lithosphere. The evidence implies that the high-Cr# chromitites were produced or emplaced in an earlier mature arc (possibly Jurassic), while the low-Cr# associations formed in an incipient forearc during the initiation of a new episode of Neo-Tethyan subduction at ~130–120 Ma. This two-episode subduction model can provide a new explanation for the coexistence of high- and low-Cr# chromitites in the same volume of ophiolitic mantle.     

Oxygen isotope fractionation in zinc oxides and implications for zinc mineralization in the Sterling Hill deposit, USA

Oxygen isotope fractionation in the zinc oxides has been calculated by means of the modified increment method. The results suggest that zincite is slightly enriched in ¹⁸O relative to the franklinite of the spinel-type structure but considerably depleted in ¹⁸O relative to the franklinite of the inverse spinel-type structure. The zinc oxides are significantly depleted in ¹⁸O relative to water under hydrothermal and metamorphic conditions. The oxygen isotope analyses of mineral pairs including the zinc oxides and the common gangue minerals such as calcite and quartz can constitute a sensitive isotope geothermometer. Application of oxygen isotope geothermometry to natural assemblages is attempted for the calcite-zinc ore mineral pairs from the Sterling Hill deposit in USA. The results indicate that the temperature of the zinc mineralization may be in the range from 410° to 630 °C and thus lower than the metamorphic temperatures of granulite facies. A metamorphic fluid could have been involved in the formation of the zinc ore minerals. Franklinite would structurally be an inverse spinel in the infancy of its formation, and thus could have originally evolved from Zn^{2 +} substitution to Fe^{2 +} of magnetite at the high temperatures.     

长江口斜压诊断模式三维流场数值模拟

建立了σ坐标系下长江口斜压诊断模式三维流场数学模型,采用k-kl二方程紊流闭合模型求解垂向涡粘系数,计算域内恒定、非均匀盐度场反映了计算域密度斜压效应。验证结果表明,斜压诊断模式的模拟成果较切合实际。模型成功复演了长江口水域由往复流向旋转流过渡的流场特性;潮波从四条汊道传入后在分汊口附近相遇形成多个会潮点,其位置随着径流的大小、潮汐的强弱、汊道的形态等因素而变化。     

异常压力与油气分布

随着油气勘探活动的不断加深，国内外相继发现了许多异常高压油气田。据不完全统计，全世界已发现超压盆地１８０多个，其中１６０多个为富含油气盆地。异常高压油气田约占全球油气田３０％左右，因此，对异常压力的研究，具有举足轻重的意义。本文介绍了异常地层压力的概念、特征及分类；详细论述了异常压力的成因，即烃类生成作用、欠压实作用、液态烃类的裂解作用、粘土矿物的后生成岩作用、构造作用、温度变化等；系统阐述了世界典型含油气盆地的超压形成机制、超压体系中油气初次运移机理以及超压与油气分布关系；并在此基础上，归纳总结出了五种超压油气藏成藏模式，即：（１）位于超压体系中的低渗超压油气藏；（２）位于超压层系中，以礁灰岩（或浊积砂岩）为储层的高压油气藏；（３）位于超压带上倾方向，以退覆三角洲平原和分流河道砂岩为储层的常压或过渡带超压油气藏；（４）位于超压带上、下部的超压油气藏；（５）位于远离超压体系的泄压区常压油气藏，本文对指导、加深新老油气区勘探具有实际应用价值。     

民乐锰矿生物矿物学特征初步研究

民乐锰矿矿石中发现蓝藻化石六、七种,其中石囊藻细胞(Eontophysalis)和色球藻目(chroocacean)中的矿物质为钙、镁、锰的碳酸盐系列矿物。本文综合了偏光显微镜、生物显微镜、电子显微镜及X射线衍射分析,无机、有机化学分析资料,找到了蓝藻与碳酸锰矿物的密切空间关系和成生联系。引用了关于生物成矿的观点,论述本区生物形成矿物的作用过程和相关的矿物种类。提出菱锰矿形成的生物—生物化学成因的观点。     

Re–Os and U–Pb Geochronology of Porphyry and Skarn Types Copper Deposits in Jilin Province,NE China

Jilin Province in NE China lies on the eastern edge of the Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt. Mineral exploration in this area has resulted in the discovery of numerous large, medium, and small sized Cu, Mo, Au, and Co deposits. To better understand the formation and distribution of both the porphyry and skarn types Cu deposits of the region, we examined the geological characteristics of the deposits and applied zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os isotope dating to constrain the age of the mineralization. The Binghugou Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for quartz diorite of 128.1 ± 1.6 Ma; the Chang'anpu Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granite porphyry of 117.0 ± 1.4 Ma; the Ermi Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granite porphyry of 96.8 ± 1.1 Ma; the Tongshan Cu deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 128.7 to 130.2 Ma, an isochron age of 129.0 ± 1.6 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 129.2 ± 0.7 Ma; and the Tianhexing Cu deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 113.9 to 115.2 Ma, an isochron age of 114.7 ± 1.2 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 114.7 ± 0.7 Ma. The new ages, combined with existing geochronology data, show that intense porphyry and skarn types Cu mineralization was coeval with Cretaceous magmatism. The geotectonic processes responsible for the genesis of the Cu mineralization were probably related to lithospheric thinning. By analyzing the accumulated molybdenite Re–Os, zircon U–Pb, and Ar–Ar ages for NE China, it is concluded that the Cu deposits formed during multiple events coinciding with periods of magmatic activity. We have identified five phases of mineralization: early Paleozoic (~476 Ma), late Paleozoic (286.5–273.6 Ma), early Mesozoic (~228.7 Ma), Jurassic (194.8–137.1 Ma), and Cretaceous (131.2–96.8 Ma). Although Cu deposits formed during each phase, most of the Cu mineralization occurred during the Cretaceous.     

青藏高原西北缘盆山过渡带陡坡地貌的形成时代与成因

平均海拔大于4500 m的青藏高原,是通过高原边缘的陡坡地貌与海拔低于1500 m的周缘盆地或平原相连接的,这些围绕高原的陡坡地貌是何时、如何形成的呢？本文通过对西昆仑山中段北缘主逆冲断层上盘陡坡地貌区9件磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄与长度分析表明：在海拔3900～4635 m的陡坡地貌中的裂变径迹样品年龄为6.2±1.4 Ma～0.9±0.3 Ma,呈现“上新下老”的反序分布特征; 而通过热历史模拟显示约5 Ma,约3～2 Ma,约2～1 Ma 和约1 Ma该地区出现多阶段的隆升与剥露。结合前人研究成果和野外地质的观察认为,现今青藏高原西北缘陡坡地貌的形成是中新世晚期以来高原边界叠瓦状断裂系经历了约8 Ma、约5 Ma、约3～2 Ma、约2～1 Ma和约1 Ma多阶段后展式逆冲运动的结果,这为青藏高原周缘陡坡地貌的形成和青藏高原的隆升时代与型式提供了关键的热年代学约束。     

长春黄土状土的水文、工程地质特性及降水方案的确定

在镜下对长春黄土状土的微观结构进行研究，发现第三层粉质粘土含水机制在于土中具有纵横交织的空洞和管道，地下水赋存于其中；第二层棕红色粉质粘土和粘土的崩解性在于该层土具有网状裂隙，卸荷后遇水崩解，在此基础上提出基坑降水的设计方案。     

水平电极发射光谱法测试多目标生态地球化学土壤样品中的钼

以K2SO4、S粉、C粉、聚三氟氯乙烯粉、Al2O3、MgO混合物作为缓冲剂,以Sb为内标,电极发射光谱法测试多目标地球化学土壤样品中的钼。方法的检出限为0.28μg/g(3S),方法的精密度(RSD)为7.25%~8.66%。测试了国家一级地球化学标准物质,结果与标准值相符合。该方法已用于10000多件土壤样品的分析,并取得满意的结果。     

天然火山作用探测华北下地壳组成、结构及其形成过程

与中上地壳相比，对下地壳组成、结构的认识受限于样品的获取，然而天然火山作用携带的下地壳捕虏体可以为了解下地壳提供关键样品。华北克拉通是世界上最古老的克拉通之一，显生宙以来的火山作用携带有丰富的下地壳捕虏体，为探测华北下地壳组成、结构及其形成过程提供了可能。通过对这些捕虏体定深、定性及定年的综合研究，构建了以信阳，莒南，汉诺坝和女山等典型地区为代表的下地壳组成、结构剖面模型。这些剖面表明，华北克拉通下地壳具有分层的特点，且上老下新，暗示可能与底侵作用有关。其中捕虏体的锆石U- Pb年龄和Hf同位素的研究，揭示了该克拉通下地壳复杂的形成与演化过程：最古老的组成部分可能老至~4. 0 Ga冥古宙，此后经历了3. 80~3. 65 Ga古太古代的再造作用，2. 8~2. 5 Ga 新太古代和2. 3~1. 8 Ga 古元古代的增生与再造共存，同时还经历了显生宙以来包括462~220 Ma，140~90 Ma和47~45 Ma的增生与再造事件。