2017年梅雨期浙江中部连续暴雨过程的环流特征

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°的FNL再分析资料和FY-2E卫星云图资料对2017年梅汛期前后浙江中部大尺度环流背景进行分析,同时对梅汛期三次强降水过程的梅雨锋结构、对流层低层风场对中尺度对流系统发展的影响以及中尺度云团特征等进行了诊断分析。结果表明：1） 进入梅汛期,贝加尔湖长波脊发展及长久维持,带状分布的西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏强,有利于冷暖空气交汇于浙江一带,形成范围大、持续时间长的强降水;2） 在垂直方向上,高空西风急流的入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方相叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显,为中尺度对流系统维持提供了必备的不稳定机制;3） 三次强降水过程均具有正涡度带随时间东移的现象,揭示了梅雨锋区低值系统沿切变线东移的特点。其中,第三次暴雨过程正涡度东移特点最明显,对流层低层的有利动力条件导致中尺度对流系统的发展及强降水的出现;第二次过程的副热带西风急流中心风速明显较第一次和第三次小,但西风急流中心位置南移至30°—35°N,正好位于梅雨锋区上空,补偿了因急流风速减小对高层辐散的影响。     

应力主轴循环旋转条件下饱和砂土的变形特性

采用香港科技大学的空心圆柱扭剪仪对日本标准丰浦砂进行了3个系列、每个系列包含中主应力系数=0.1、0.5和1.0三种不同情况的纯应力主轴循环旋转排水试验。试验过程中控制作用在砂样上的有效主应力的幅值不变,仅应力主轴在0°至180°之间循环旋转。着重分析了纯应力主轴循环旋转条件下饱和砂土的剪切变形特性、体应变的发展规律及中主应力系数的影响。     

一种预测聚合物驱开发动态的模型

在分析聚合物驱与水驱驱替机理差异的基础上,对水驱预测的经验公式进行改进,建立了适用于聚合物驱的预测模型。预测模型可考虑聚合物溶液黏度、注入PV数及最大残余阻力系数等参数对聚合物驱效果的影响。预测模型预测大庆喇南和喇北东块的聚合物驱含水率曲线与实际含水动态吻合,预测提高采收率误差小于8%,结果可靠。预测模型所需参数简单、计算简便,可用于聚合物驱动态预测、效果评价及潜力分析。     

大气边界层湍流相干结构的识别

首先利用数字滤波方法对淮河流域试验的大气边界层湍流观测资料进行三项分解，将大气边界层湍流的风速信号分解为近似各项同性的小尺度涡和各向异性的大尺度涡。然后再将大尺度涡信号进行离散正交小波分解，寻求相干结构的主要特征尺度。对于大气边界层湍流垂直脉动风速来说，其相干结构的主要特征尺度为16s；对径向与纬向脉动来说，其相干结构的主要特征尺度为32－64s。在此基础上，利用小波的反变换提取出相干结构的信号与非相干结构的信号，并计算两间的相关系数，最大仅有0．02。此外，对原始大气湍流观测信号不进行数字滤波，直接利用本中子波分析法提取湍流相干结构所得结果作比较研究；并探讨了采用对称或似对称离散正交小波对此研究的影响。     

Desert riparian vegetation and groundwater in the lower reaches of the Tarim River basin

The Green Corridor in the lower reaches of Tarim River in northwestern China has an extreme hot and dry climate. Vegetation here, consisting of arbor, shrub and grass, relies on groundwater exceedingly. However, the increasing anthropogenic activities of large-scale agricultural reclamation and unreasonable water utilization in the upper and middle reaches caused the 321-km riverway in the lower reaches to dry up completely in 1972 and resulted in the sharp decline of groundwater, followed by the ruin of desert riparian vegetation on a large scale. The Green Corridor is on the verge of shrinking. Water has a key role in maintaining ecological balance and socioeconomic development. This paper, focused on the relationship between vegetation and groundwater, discusses (1) the change of groundwater table caused by the ecological water delivery carried out in the lower reaches of Tarim River; (2) the appropriate groundwater depth meeting the vegetation’s survival; (3) the minimum ecological flux and ecological water requirement for the growth of natural vegetation. It was shown that (1) based on the analysis of the monitoring data from the groundwater level of ten times water delivery, such an extensive artificial watering takes positive effect on raising the groundwater level along the two sides of the river; (2) a groundwater table depth of 2–4 m is probably the appropriate ecological water table level for the lower reaches of the Tarim River, and 6 m is the threshold for the local vegetation; (3) at the lower Tarim River, 1.157 × 10⁸ m³ of water flow is needed for itself. The longer the duration of water releases, the greater would be the groundwater rise and the larger the range of vegetation influenced. It was found that the duration and volume of water delivery was closely related to restoration of vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The goal of this paper is to offer scientific evidences for water delivery in the rigorous areas to maintain an ecological balance.     

Achieving low effluent NO3-N and TN concentrations in low influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) to total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) ratio without using external carbon source

Two mathematical models were used to optimize the performance of a full-scale biological nutrient removal(BNR) activated treatment plant, a plug-flow bioreactors operated in a 3-stage phoredox process configuration, anaerobic anoxic oxic(A2 /O). The ASM2 d implemented on the platform of WEST2011 software and the Bio Win activated sludge/anaerobic digestion(AS/AD) models were used in this study with the aim of consistently achieving the designed effluent criteria at a low operational cost. Four ASM2 d parameters(the reduction factor for denitrification(η NO3, H), the maximum growth rate of heterotrophs( μ H), the rate constant for stored polyphosphates in PAOs(q pp), and the hydrolysis rate constant(k h)) were adjusted. Whereas three Bio Win parameters(aerobic decay rate(b H), heterotrophic dissolved oxygen(DO) half saturation(K OA), and Y P /acetic) were adjusted. Calibration of the two models was successful; both models have average relative deviations(ARD) less than 10% for all the output variables. Low effluent concentrations of nitrate nitrogen(N-NO3), total nitrogen(TN), and total phosphorus(TP) were achieved in a full-scale BNR treatment plant having low influent chemical oxygen demand(COD) to total Kjeldahl nitrogen(TKN) ratio(COD/TKN). The effluent total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations were improved by 50% and energy consumption was reduced by approximately 25%, which was accomplished by converting the two-pass aerobic compartment of the plug-flow bioreactor to anoxic reactors and being operated in an alternating mode. Findings in this work are helpful in improving the operation of wastewater treatment plant while eliminating the cost of external carbon source and reducing energy consumption.     

Impacts of Soil Moisture on the Numerical Simulation of a Post-Landfall Storm

Surface heat and moisture fluxes are important to the evolution of a tropical storm after its landfall. Soil moisture is one of the essential components that influence surface heating and moisture fluxes. In this study, the impact of soil moisture on a pre-landfall numerical simulation of Tropical Storm Bill(2015), which had a much longer lifespan over land, is investigated by using the research version of the NCEP Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting(HWRF) model. It is found that increased soil moisture with SLAB scheme before storm's landfall tends to produce a weaker storm after landfall and has negative impacts on storm track simulation. Further diagnoses with different land surface schemes and sensitivity experiments indicate that the increase in soil moisture inside the storm corresponds to a strengthened vertical mixing within the storm boundary layer, which is conducive to the decay of storm and has negative impacts on storm evolution. In addition, surface diabatic heating effects over the storm environment are also found to be an important positive contribution to the storm evolution over land, but their impacts are not so substantial as boundary layer vertical mixing inside the storm. The overall results highlight the importance and uncertainty of soil moisture in numerical model simulations of landfalling hurricanes and their further evolution over land.     

热带西太平洋沉积物的环境磁学特征对东亚冬季风的响应

西太平洋暖池(Western Pacific Warm Pool,WPWP)指位于热带太平洋中、西部(包括南海南部和苏禄海)年平均水温超过 28 ℃的广大海域。由于巨厚的表层暖水覆盖,西太平洋暖池成为全球热量和水汽交互的重要源区,对驱动温盐环流、调节全球气候变化具有重要作用。东亚冬季风(EAWM)是全球气候系统中最活跃的组成部分之一,它可能会通过寒潮侵入热带地区,引起深层对流,以此加强暖池区的对流活动和降水异常,从而影响赤道地区的潜热释放。但地质历史时期西太平洋暖池与东亚冬季风的相互作用关系尚不明确。由于东亚冬季风携带的风尘中往往包含有大颗粒的高矫顽力磁性矿物,我们可以通过沉积物中磁性矿物的组合、含量、颗粒大小和形态变化,分析不同时间尺度上气候环境变化和风尘物质的输入情况,进而反演东亚冬季风的强度变化。本文对取自热带西太平洋B10钻孔的岩心样品进行了环境磁学测试,以揭示地质历史时期西太平洋暖池沉积物环境磁学特征对东亚冬季风的响应。实验结果表明,沉积物中的主要载磁矿物为低矫顽力的磁铁矿,属于亚铁磁性矿物,并含有少量高矫顽力磁性矿物。沉积物中的磁性颗粒以准单畴(PSD)颗粒为主。高矫顽力的磁性矿物含量和细颗粒磁铁矿相对含量在冰期和间冰期呈现出显著相对变化,对东亚冬季风的变化有敏感响应:冰期沉积物中高矫顽力矿物含量增多,磁性颗粒粒径变大;间冰期沉积物中高矫顽力矿物含量降低,磁性颗粒粒径变细。在干燥、寒冷的冰期,由风尘携带而来的高矫顽力磁性矿物相对含量增加,沉积物中的磁性颗粒粒径变大,反映冰期东亚冬季风强度增大;在气候温暖湿润的间冰期,风尘的输入量较小,由风尘携带的高矫顽力磁性矿物含量相对较低,沉积物中的磁性颗粒粒径变小,反映间冰期东亚冬季风的强度减弱。     

Transcriptome of Eriocheir sinensis under air exposure

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is an economically important crab in China. Air exposure is a common stress for E. sinensis, especially during the...     

冰雹云中微物理过程研究

利用三维冰雹云模式通过实例模拟研究了云中冰相物理过程,结果表明,云中粒子产生有一源地,在雹云发展阶段早期,霰、冻滴,雹和雨水的极大产生率都位于6.0 km高度附近,这里是雹胚及冰雹形成的源区,从"利益竞争"概念出发,人工防雹的催化部位应在此高度附近;粒子产生高度与其源项发生高度及主要增长方式有关,粒子产生和增长过程在云的发展不同阶段也是不同的.在冰雹形成过程中,作为雹胚的霰和冻滴主要通过撞冻过冷水增长.撞冻增长占增长量的大部分,云中存在丰富的过冷水对冰雹胚胎和冰雹形成、增长都是十分重要的.在"冰晶-过冷水-雹胚-冰雹"这一链环中,没有过冷水参与很难形成强烈降雹.通过两例雹云的对比研究,发现若雹云云底温度降低和湿度增大,由于霰撞冻过冷水尤其是撞冻过冷云水增长量大幅度提高,霰的尺度加大,提高向冰雹的转化率,使霰胚数量大大增加.