Paleotemperature variations at Lake Caohai,southwestern China,during the past 500 years:Evidence from combined δ~(18)O analysis of cellulose and carbonates

The oxygen isotopic values of aquatic plant cellulose and carbonates in Lake Caohai sediments were measured using a continuous flow isotopic ratio mass spectrometer(CF-IRMS).Because of predictable oxygen isotopic fractionation between cellulose and its source water,the oxygen isotopic composition of paleo-lake water has been established quantitatively.Combined oxygen isotopic values of cellulose and carbonates were used in the‘Craig’equation to determine paleotemperatures and their variation in the lake during the past 500 years.Results show that the paleotemperature trend correlates well with meteorological records from Weining.There are four notable cold intervals at Lake Caohai over the past 500 years,namely 1540–1570AD,1670–1715AD,1780–1870AD and 1900–1930AD,and the former three cold intervals have been observed in the conventional Little Ice Age(LIA).These cold periods at Lake Caohai correspond well with those recorded from tree ring,peat,and ice core data from adjacent regions,particularly temperature those inferred fromδ18O of peat cellulose from Hongyuan Southwestern China.The trend in paleotemperature variations at Lake Caohai are also consistent with both the change of Indian summer monsoon,derived fromδ18O values of a stalagmite in Dongge,and a recorded shift in solar activity.The findings of this study illustrate that coupled analysis ofδ18O values of cellulose and carbonates from lake sediments may be used as a paleotemperature proxy.These results also provide further evidence of the existence of LIA in southwestern China.     

欧盟航空碳税及其国际影响

根据当前欧盟征收国际航空碳税政策的国际环境,介绍欧盟航空碳税的历史沿革、具体政策、二氧化碳排放监测方法,就各国反应及其国际影响进行分析.欧盟航空碳税可能会导致全球航空业成本增加,并最终转嫁给消费者;欧盟航空碳税对发达国家航空公司影响较小,而对发展中国家的航空公司影响较大.鉴于欧盟航空碳税对中国航空业的影响,建议尽早制定相关的碳排放标准,维护中国应有的发展权与话语权.     

第二次全国土地调查成果质量检查系统开发

采用ArcGIS Engine,基于.NET软件开发环境,集成数据库、地理信息系统等多种技术,基于质检细则,并进行规则配置,开发第二次全国土地调查成果质量检查系统,通过全国免费使用,大幅提高了工作效率,确保了全国2800多个县市的第二次全国土地调查成果的规范一致和正确。本成果对土地利用数据质量的检查方式和方法,做了很好的探索和尝试,可以应用于今后每年的土地变更调查、国家土地利用规划数据汇交的数据质量检查工作中。     

岩溶关键带及其碳循环研究进展

岩溶关键带的范畴包含了大气-(降水)-植被-土壤-裂隙-基岩-水组成的“碳-水-钙”循环强烈的表层岩溶带以及岩溶管道-洞穴-地下河-隔水层组成的巨大岩溶地下空间,岩溶关键带碳循环是岩溶地球系统科学研究的前沿方向。总结概括了岩溶地球系统科学发展至今的岩溶关键带范畴内碳循环及其对大气CO2源汇效应的研究成果,包括早期碳运移模型、当前主流的区域岩溶碳汇量的计算方法和结果以及“生物碳泵”的新发现等,讨论了当前岩溶碳循环研究框架过于单一或不一致以及碳周转时间尺度等问题,提出应对岩溶关键带碳输入、赋存以及碳输出的各个环节做出系统化监测,通过联网在线高分辨率监测站点的建设以及“3S”技术实现点位到区域的研究,使岩溶碳汇在全球碳循环模型中的重要性更具说服力。     

The State of Arts: Sources,Microbial Processes and Ecological Effects of Iron in the Marine Environment

Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, and it often appears as a trace element in the ocean. Iron has a variable valence and diverse functions, and is an important force to regulate marine primary productivity and drive the geochemical cycle in the ocean. Previous studies have shown that iron plays an important role in maintaining primary productivity, coupling matter cycles, and regulating the transformation of biogenic factors. In recent years, with the development of microbial ecology, iron research has enter more in-depth levels, including microbial-driven iron oxidation-reduction behavior, metabolic processes, and interactions with other major elements(C/N/P). This paper attempts to review the latest progress of iron, focusing on the published literatures of the past fifteen years. Firstly, we explained the sources and occurrence states of iron in the ocean (such as dissolved, colloidal, granular and organic state); Secondly, we reviewed the types and process mechanisms of microbial-mediated iron redoxbehavior (for example nitrate oxidation, and biological reduction, etc.); Finally, we summarized the coupling relationship between iron and C/N/P cycle. Additionally, the ecological roles of iron in specific ecological event (for instance algal bloom) has also been described. Furthermore, the "chemical-biological-physical" theoretical framework for marine iron research is also discussed. The purpose of this paper is to provide more information for marine microecological research and their effects on iron cycle under changing environment, such as global change.     

Effects of Fe and Al incorporations on the bridgmanite–postperovskite coexistence domain

The postperovskite phase transition of Fe and Al-bearing MgSiO₃ bridgmanite, the most aboundant mineral in the Earth's lower mantle, is believed to be a key to understanding seismological observations in the D″ layer, e.g., the discontinuous changes in seismic wave velocities. Experimentally reported phase transition boundaries of Fe and Al-bearing bridgmanite are currently largely controversial and generally suggest wide two-phase coexistence domains. Theoretical simulations ignoring temperature effects cannot evaluate correctly two-phase coexistence domains under high-temperature. We show high-pressure and high-temperature phase transition boundaries for various compositions with geophysically relevant impurities of Fe²⁺SiO₃, Fe³⁺Fe³⁺O₃, Fe³⁺Al³⁺O₃, and Al³⁺Al³⁺O₃ derived from the ab initio finite-temperature free energies calculated combining the internally consistent LSDA + U method and a lattice dynamics approach. We found that at ～ 2500 K, incorporations accompanied by Fe³⁺ expand the two-phase coexistence domains distinctly, implying that D″ seismic discontinuities likely arise from the phase transition of Fe²⁺-bearing bridgmanite.     

High‐Precision Barium Isotope Measurements of Carbonates by MC‐ICP‐MS

This study presents a high‐precision method to measure barium (Ba) isotope compositions of international carbonate reference materials and natural carbonates. Barium was purified using chromatographic columns filled with cation exchange resin (AG50W‐X12, 200–400 mesh). Barium isotopes were measured by MC‐ICP‐MS, using a ¹³⁵Ba–¹³⁶Ba double‐spike to correct mass‐dependent fractionation during purification and instrumental measurement. The precision and accuracy were monitored by measuring Ba isotope compositions of the reference material JCp‐1 (coral) and a synthetic solution obtained by mixing NIST SRM 3104a with other matrix elements. The mean δ^137/134Ba values of JCp‐1 and the synthetic solution relative to NIST SRM 3104a were 0.21 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 16) and 0.02 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 6), respectively. Replicate measurements of NIST SRM 915b, COQ‐1, natural coral and stalagmite samples gave average δ^137/134Ba values of 0.10 ± 0.04‰ (2s, n = 18), 0.08 ± 0.04‰ (2s, n = 20), 0.27 ± 0.04‰ (2s, n = 16) and 0.04 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 20), respectively. Barium mass fractions and Ba isotopes of subsamples drilled from one stalagmite profile were also measured. Although Ba mass fractions varied significantly along the profile, Ba isotope signatures were homogeneous, indicating that Ba isotope compositions of stalagmites could be a potential tool (in addition to Ba mass fractions) to constrain the source of Ba in carbonate rocks and minerals.     

多模式面波非线性反演

利用高频面波反演横波速度一直是浅地表地震工程研究的热点。为深入认识利用高频面波（瑞雷波和勒夫波）评价横波速度的能力,本文首先采取高阶交错网格有限差分法实现两层模型的瑞雷波和勒夫波数值模拟,并应用τ-p变换形成频散能量图。相比瑞雷波,不同模式的勒夫波频散能量很接近,这说明易于实现多模式勒夫波反演。然后利用线性映射实现广义模式识别这种非线性反演方法对含软弱夹层的四层模型的基模式、多模式瑞雷波和勒夫波的变厚度反演。若初始模型很拙劣,相比勒夫波,瑞雷波基模式反演不能重建地层中含有软弱夹层这一特征,瑞雷波多模式反演则可以重建这一特征;勒夫波基模式和多模式反演都可以重建这一特征。即使在地层的泊松比与估计值相差很大时,瑞雷波多模式反演仍能重建地层结构,但其频散曲线总是存在"模式接吻"现象,容易模式误判;而勒夫波反演则不用估计地层泊松比,也不存在"模式接吻"现象。一系列算例表明：高模式瑞雷波的加入会显著提高横波速度评价结果的精度;而高模式勒夫波的加入会令反演系统对半空间以上异常层的参数过于敏感,造成参数过度估计,但也会显著提升对半空间横波速度的评价能力。最后,应用本文方法实现了对实测勒夫波数据的分析。     

Viscoelastic solutions for stresses and displacements around non-circular tunnels sequentially excavated at great depths

Acta Geotechnica - This research study presents analytical solutions for the stresses and displacements around deeply buried non-circular tunnels, taking into account the viscoelasticity of the...     

振荡交换-抽滤淋洗结合凯氏定氮法快速测定土壤中的阳离子交换量

测定土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的行业标准方法(LY/T1243—1999)是采取离心分离结合手工蒸馏进行滴定,耗时长、操作繁琐。为了缩短反应时间,提高检测效率,本文利用乙酸铵对酸性和中性土壤进行处理,用氯化铵-乙酸铵对石灰性土壤进行处理,应用振荡和抽滤装置快速交换和清洗阳离子,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对吸附的铵根离子进行测定,由此计算CEC值。结果表明:在最佳的振荡和蒸馏时间、滴定酸浓度、指示剂配比等实验条件下,一个批次样品(100件)的分析流程仅需要12h,比传统方法检测时间缩短近80%。经国家标准物质验证,测定结果与推荐值相符,5次测定的相对标准偏差均小于1. 5%。本方法免去了多次离心分离操作,解决了待测成分损失、CEC测定值偏低的问题,提高了检测效率和准确度,较林业标准方法的成本低,可操作性强,适用于土壤环境质量评价、地区土壤抽样调查等大批量土壤样品分析。