旅游空间经济地租结构及其优化研究——以香格里拉二日游为例

旅游空间"经济地租"是衡量旅游空间消费效用(对于旅游者)或资本积累强度(对于资本)的重要指标。以香格里拉二日游为例,通过对旅游者在目的地消费行为的全面参与式观察调查,对旅游目的地经济地租结构进行了定量研究。研究表明:中国旅游生产空间体系存在明显失衡的经济地租结构;购物、游览空间经济地租明显过高;住宿、餐饮及旅行空间经济地租过低,变异程度达2.48。其中,高额经济地租的产生源于利益集团的勾结或资源垄断;而过低经济地租的形成除受竞争和基础设施条件影响外,管理水平低、缺乏技术创新是主要原因。失衡的经济地租结构将对目的地旅游发展形成结构性制约,降低旅游者在目的地的整体消费效用水平,阻碍目的地的持续发展,需要政府和生产者采取各种措施加以调控。     

Decomposition of algal lipids in clay-enriched marine sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions

A series of laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to examine the decomposition of algal organic matter in clay-enriched marine sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions. During the 245-day incubation period, changes in the concentrations of TOC, major algal fatty acid components (14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:1 and 20:5), and n-alkanes (C₁₆–C₂₃) were quantified in the samples. Our results indicate that the organic matters were degraded more rapidly in oxic than anoxic conditions. Adsorption of fatty acids onto clay minerals was a rapid and reversible process. Using a simple G model, we calculated the decomposition rate constants for TOC, n-alkanes and fatty acids which ranged from 0.017–0.024 d⁻¹, 0.049–0.103 d⁻¹ and 0.011 to 0.069 d⁻¹, respectively. Algal organic matter degraded in two stages characterized by a fast and a slow degradation processes. The addition of clay minerals montmorillonite and kaolinite to the sediments showed significant influence affecting the decomposition processes of algal TOC and fatty acids by adsorption and incorporation of the compounds with clay particles. Adsorption/association of fatty acids by clay minerals was rapid but appeared to be a slow reversible process. In addition to the sediment redox and clay influence, the structure of the compounds also played important roles in affecting their degradation dynamic in sediments.     

Assimilation of ASAR data with a hydrologic and semi-empirical backscattering coupled model to estimate soil moisture

The most promising approach for studying soil moisture is the assimilation of observation data and computational modeling.However,there is much uncertainty in the assimilation process,which affects the assimilation results.This research developed a one-dimensional soil moisture assimilation scheme based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter(EnKF)and Genetic Algorithm(GA).A two-dimensional hydrologic model-Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model(DHSVM)was coupled with a semi-empirical backscattering model(Oh).The Advanced Synthetic Apertture Radar(ASAR)data were assimilated with this coupled model and the field observation data were used to validate this scheme in the soil moisture assimilation experiment.In order to improve the assimilation results,a cost function was set up based on the distance between the simulated backscattering coefficient from the coupled model and the observed backscattering coefficient from ASAR.The EnKF and GA were used to re-initialize and re-parameterize the simulation process,respectively.The assimilation results were compared with the free-run simulations from hydrologic model and the field observation data.The results obtained indicate that this assimilation scheme is practical and it can improve the accuracy of soil moisture estimation significantly.     

“三滩”傍河水源地地下水水位降落漏斗区水质演化

本文在1987～2006年兰州断陷盆地典型水源地地下水环境监测资料基础上,通过2007年10月环境地质补充调查采集地下水样品11组、地表水1组,综合分析了断陷盆地地下水集中开采区浅层地下水水化学特征及时空分布规律,以及黄河条带状为补给区的地下水与开采降落漏斗的水质演变关系。根据多年开采过程中地下水水化学成分的变化及影响因素,阐明了水化学组分与地下水位的密切关系;利用开采量水质时空变化对比资料,得出地下水位下降排泄区与傍河区地下水存在的水力联系。依据本次环境地质调查结果和水样实测数据,进一步论证了傍河区地下水受黄河激发补给因素控制的结论。     

动力扰动下深部开挖洞室围岩分层断裂破坏机制模型试验研究

为研究动、静组合加载下深部巷道围岩分区破裂化的机制,在Instron电液伺服材料试验机上对用石膏制作的深部洞室模型进行了动、静组合加载试验。为进一步分析动、静组合加载下深部巷道围岩分层断裂化的力学本质,将动、静组合加载下深部巷道围岩近似视为若干个二维动、静组合加载试样的组合体,并用红砂岩试样进行了二维动、静组合加载试验。试验结果表明,巷道轴向应力为最大主应力且大于一定值时,围岩会发生分层断裂现象;巷道轴向应力为最大主应力且与外部扰动应力叠加达到一定值时,围岩也会发生分层断裂现象;巷道直径越大,在相同的动、静组合加载条件下,更易发生分层断裂现象;相同直径的巷道,在不同的动、静组合加载作用下,巷道围岩分层断裂化程度不同,动、静组合应力叠加值越大,分层断裂化程度越严重;应力状态对试样裂纹扩展及分布方向起着主导作用,试样破裂面一般垂直于最小主应力方向（在最小主应力面内）,与最大主应力方向一致;深部巷道围岩存在形成破裂圈的应力状态,这样的应力状态可诱发巷道围岩分区破裂现象的发生。     

塔里木盆地巴麦地区石炭系低速异常碳酸盐岩的解释

巴麦地区即塔西南巴楚隆起-麦盖提斜坡,具有台地边缘-斜坡的古构造和古地理背景,这种台地边缘和典型的浅滩沉积暗示了该区具有发育生物礁的环境特征。区内先巴扎（XBZ）600 km²三维地震探区石炭系发育了巴楚组（C₁b）生屑灰岩及标准灰岩、小海子组（C₂x）3套灰岩,其中小海子组发现特殊响应碳酸盐岩,主要表现为厚度增大、频率增高、多出一条波峰同相轴的地震响应特征。通过差异厚度法、底面拉平法、地震属性法、正反演模型法,结合野外露头、岩心、镜下观察、录井、沉积相等综合分析,可初步推测该低速异常体为厚度增加、孔隙度增大的近东西向台地边缘障壁礁所致。礁体东西走向延伸超过25 km,礁核区小海子组灰岩最厚62 m,礁外的小海子组50 m。台缘斜坡南倾,坡度陡,水平宽度1~2 km。礁后生屑滩北倾,坡度缓,水平宽度3~6 km。受色力布亚断裂带遮挡,该生物礁储层可以形成有利圈闭,面积约为42 km²,厚约45 m。     

隧道爆破开挖围岩动力损伤效应数值模拟

采用数值模拟技术预估岩体开裂深度及爆破损伤影响范围对工程设计可以起到事先指导作用,对施工安全具有重大意义,其中科学的、合理的损伤模型及迭代计算方法是关键。基于FLAC3D程序的用户自定义本构模块,将考虑累积应变和荷载作用时间的Yang-Liu率相关动力损伤模型与Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构进行耦合,将围岩破坏过程中的损伤特性反映在荷载增量迭代计算中,形成了弹塑性动力损伤本构模型,详细推导了损伤应力修正迭代计算方法。对一圆形隧道爆破开挖进行模拟,探讨了爆破诱发的质点振动衰减特征及围岩损伤分布规律。分析结果表明,爆破产生的质点振动速度峰值与其所造成的损伤具有很好的相关性。该爆破损伤模型及模拟方法可以为类似工程提供一定参考     

南水北调西线TBM掘进下隧洞围岩损伤研究

为研究隧洞掘进机（tunnel boring machine,TBM）掘进下隧洞围岩的损伤特征,选取南水北调西线工程为背景工程,针对隧洞围岩TBM掘进后的损伤进行了系统的研究与分析。根据板岩在室内试验中表现出来的脆性和屈服后强度特性,提出了以黏聚力弱化-摩擦角强化（cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening,CWFS）脆性模型为基础考虑岩体屈服后损伤的本构模型,通过VC++编译dll动态链接库,并将其植入FLAC3D程序中。应用神经网络和遗传方法等优化算法对本构模型中的参数进行了反演分析,并以室内三轴压缩试验为依据,对该本构模型进行了验证。结果表明,提出的考虑损伤的CWFS模型可以较好地反映板岩的弹性特征、屈服后的强化特征、脆性破坏特征和破坏后残余强度特征。以该模型为基础,模拟了南水北调西线隧洞在TBM掘进条件下隧洞围岩的变形特性、应力发展规律及其损伤演化特征,并与基于Mohr-Coulomb本构关系的计算结果进行了对比分析。提出的考虑损伤的CWFS模型能更好地反映隧洞掘进后围岩损伤特征,即损伤沿着弱势区域发展的规律     

我国原位地应力测量与地应力场分析研究进展

随着我国交通、能源和水利水电等行业快速发展,在复杂地形地貌和地质条件下兴建大量岩土工程,尤其是深埋长隧道,原位地应力测量及其相关研究逾加重要。我国自20世纪60年代首次成功进行原位地应力实测以来,在地应力测量及相关研究方面已取得了长足进展。文中扼要介绍了我国地应力测量的发展历程,着重总结了在钻孔应力解除法、水压致裂法和其他常用原位地应力测量法及工程区初始地应力场分析研究方面所取得的进展,并结合我国区域构造应力环境和岩土工程的特点,对地应力测量和工程区初始地应力场研究方面的展望阐述了一点认识。     

Removal of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Nanoscale Magnetite

Magnetite nanoparticles were applied to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions as a function of pH, contact time, supporting electrolyte concentration, and analytical initial Ni(II) concentration. The highly crystalline nature of the magnetite structure with diameter of around 10 nm was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). The surface area was determined to be 115.3 m²/g. Surface chemical properties of magnetite at 25°C in aqueous suspensions were investigated. The point of zero charge (pHzpc) was found to be 7.33 and the intrinsic acidity constants (${\rm p}K_{{\rm a}1}^{{\rm s}} $ and ${\rm p}K_{{\rm a}2}^{{\rm s}} $ ) were found to be 9.3 and 5.9, respectively. The surface functional groups were investigated with Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption kinetics and mechanism of Ni(II) by these magnetite nanoparticles. The adsorption process was found to be pH dependent. In NaCl solutions, Ni(II) adsorption increased with increasing ionic strength while in NaClO₄ solutions, Ni(II) adsorption exhibited little dependence on the ionic strength of the solution. The adsorption process better followed the pseudo‐second order equation and Freundlich isotherm.