青藏高原古里雅冰帽冰碛和冰水沉积物粒度特征及其意义

冰冻圈演化不仅与青藏高原水塔变化、地表侵蚀风化及荒漠化密切相关,还深刻影响着亚洲季风系统和全球气候,冰碛物的粒度组成可以为冰冻圈演化提供重要信息,但高原冰碛物的特征粒度组成及其形成机理仍不清楚,高原冰碛物与高原冷黄土及河湖沉积物的关系也不明确。为此,选择青藏高原最大的冰帽——古里雅冰帽的冰碛物及系列冰水沉积物,开展系统粒度组成研究。研究发现:自终碛到冰川前端冰水扇及下游河流冰水沉积均表现出特征的双峰模态,即1～3φ(500～125μm)的中细砂峰和6～8φ(16～4μm)的细粉砂峰,前者可能由冰川压碎、寒冻风化崩裂作用造成,后者由冰川研磨作用形成,并受到源区基岩岩性软弱和组成颗粒大小的影响。冰川磨蚀的细粉砂组分含量,从冰碛物经冰水扇、河流到湖滩沉积物整体呈现减小趋势,粗粉砂在湖滩沉积中几乎完全被风吹走,粗粉砂直接成为下游黄土的物源并富集其中成为黄土特征组分,水流分选在开口湖泊中产生粗、细粉砂的明显富集,这些证据揭示出,无论是与冰川发育相关的尾闾湖沉积还是近源、远源的青藏高原及周边黄土沉积,其粉砂组成和来源,均可为高原冰冻圈的形成演化提供重要信息。     

人工重矿物组份的研究法在岩相古地理研究中的应用——以厂坝王家山组浅变质岩系为例

人工重矿物组份的研究,在变质岩地区是一种经常使用的工作方法。因为它对变质岩地区的地层划分与对比、确定母岩区等是十分有效的。此外,在变质岩地区进行沉积相和再造古地理的研究中,它也有不可忽视的作用。这是由于变质岩区的许多原始沉积构造标志大多遭受改造和破坏。有些标志虽尚能辩认,但毕竟有其一定的局限性。而人工重矿物的研究,可以对沉积相观察和分析的结果进行检验和补充。西秦岭大陆边缘沉积学专题组,在对厂坝矿区王家山组的一套浅变质岩系沉积相观察中,利用了人工重砂组份的研究,三年来已取得了不少的成果。一、王家山组沉积和区域古地理的变化特征厂坝矿区,系由一套浅变质岩系组成的含矿地层。根据浅变质岩系的岩性、沉积学及地球化学组合特征,自下而上可划分为三个组。下部为王家山组陆源碎屑岩,中、上部为结晶灰     

Effectiveness of nature reserves for natural forests protection in tropical Hainan: a 20 year analysis

The establishment of nature reserves is a key approach for biodiversity conservation worldwide. However, there is a lack of unified methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of nature reserves, particularly in China, the world′s most populous nation supporting some of the most valuable biodiversity hotspots in the world. In this study, we conducted a long-term and large-scale analysis of the effectiveness of 20 of the earliest nature reserves established in Hainan Province, an island home to among the highest concentration of plants and animals in China. Remote sensing imagery from 1988, 1998, and 2008 were analyzed to investigate the temporal and spatial changes of natural forests in these nature reserves and surrounding areas. We also conducted transition matrix analysis and principle component analysis to identify the driving factors that affect the protection effectiveness of nature reserves. The results were as follows: 1) During the 20-year period from 1988 to 2008, natural forests coverage of the 20 studied nature reserves dropped 2.34 percentage points, whereas the natural forests coverage dropped 11.31 percentage points in a 0–5 km outside reserve buffer and 9.36 percentage points in a 5–10 km outside reserve buffer, indicating a significant inhibitory effect of the nature reserves on the loss of natural forests. 2) Natural forests coverage dropped in 60% of the studied nature reserves during the 20-year period, suggesting a poor protection effectiveness of these reserves, while the coverage proportion showed some increase(0%/yr–5%/yr) in other reserves. 3) Expansion of rubber and pulp forests as part of a booming economy were the main factors affecting the effectiveness of the nature reserves for conserving natural forests in Hainan Province. The results of this study provide an important empirical basis for the protection of natural forests in Hainan Province, which can be used as a blueprint for nature reserve evaluation in other places in China.     

在气候影响研究中引入随机天气发生器的方法和不确定性

通过采用不同的随机天气发生器生成一定气候背景下各种气候变率情景，许多学者在最近的研究中已经认识到气候变率对农作物生长发育影响的重要性。传统的气候影响评估方法直接以大气环流模式的模拟试验结果作为未来气候情景，这样不可能理解如上的重要性。本文着重评述将随机天气发生器应用于气候变化影响研究的一般方法框架，以及作者的具体个例研究方法。文中最后分析了目前该领域研究中还存在的一些不确定性。 在当前的气候变化影响研究中，有不同的方法用来研制一种称为WGEN的典型随机天气发生器的参数化方案及其随机试验方法。不同的研究者也有不同的参数调控方法。通常的思路是通过气候控制试验和2×CO2试验之间的气候变量平均值和方差的变化来扰动随机天气发生器的参数，以生成未来逐日气候变化情景。本文作者根据短期气候预测模式的输出产品建立了一套WGEN的参数化方案及其随机试验方法，并且在时间和空间两个尺度上检验和评估了此参数化方案下WGEN的模拟能力。另外，作者由未来降水的变化，调试随机天气发生器参数，生成了气候变率变化情景。这些参数调节可以产生各种不同类型和定性大小的气候变率变化，用于气候影响评估的敏感性分析。通过如上方法，作为一个个例，文中评估了未来气候变率变化     

面向多媒体通信的流控传输协议SCTP的研究

介绍了一种面向多媒体类信号传递的基于IP网络的流控传输协议SCTP，讨论了它为提供可靠传服务而采用面向联结机制的主要框架和多路流、多地下两大核心特性；分析了SCTP的消息、状态机和各状态变迁过程，以有在联结的不同阶段为进行拥塞控制和攻击预防而采用的独特的处理机制；给出了SCTP控制和流引擎部分的具体实现策略。     

艾比湖阶地三维反演研究

以ASTER、ETM、SPOT遥感影像为数据源,应用遥感软件对影像增强处理,突出了艾比湖湖积堤信息。将实际采样点、卫星遥感影像和DEM数据叠加,确定了湖岸线和阶地遗址。通过构建水淹模型,方便准确地获得艾比湖阶地的实地三维信息,制作高精度DEM数据,生成仿真的三维数字地形模型,实现了艾比湖的三维显示以及三维水淹,可以从不同角度、视点和高度观察地貌的整体和部分特征,借助地理信息系统工具还可以准确地计算不同时期湖面面积、体积,确定水淹范围,反演不同时期艾比湖湖面情况,对研究艾比湖难以到达区域的地貌形态和地貌演化具有十分重要的意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬-元城地区构造裂缝特征与形成期次的划分

通过分析鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬-元城地区野外地质露头与井下裂缝特征,结合构造应力场背景分析,获得以下认识：1)该区构造裂缝以斜交于最大主应力的单条裂缝为主,尤其以SWW-NEE或近EW向裂缝和NNE-SSW或近S-N向裂缝较为发育,并发育少量对应的NW-SE和NE-SW向共轭裂缝。2）根据露头区裂缝系统的切割关系,NE向和近S-N向延伸的裂缝为后期发育, NW向和NEE向延伸的裂缝为早期发育;3)燕山期北西-南东向压应力场背景下,早白垩世末构造抬升造成的主应力差是早期共轭裂缝形成的主要原因;喜山期区域北东-南西应力挤压是后一期延伸裂缝的主要原因。     

基于GIS和神经网络的森林植被分类

本文综述了国际遥感分类研究,使用Landsat7 ETM＋遥感数据和地理辅助数据,应用BP神经网络方法,将莽汉山林场作为研究区进行了遥感影像的分类研究。比较了BP神经网络分类与最大似然、简单和复杂非监督分类法之间的类型与数量精度。BP神经网络分类的总类型精度是70.5%,总数量精度为84.65%,KAPPA系数是0.6455。结果说明BP神经网络的分类质量优于其他方法,其总的类型精度与其他三种分类方法相比分别增加了10.5%、32%和33%,总的质量精度增加了5.3%。因此,辅以地理参考数据的BP神经网络分类可以作为一种有效的分类方法。     

On the development mechanism of the lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks of Chang 91 member in Ordos Basin

As revealed from recent drilling and organic geochemical testing and research, a series of lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks was discovered in the upper section of the Chang 9 oil reservoir member of upper Triassic in Ordos Basin. The hydrocarbon source rocks show average TOC content as high as 5.03%, average bitumen "A" content as high as 0.8603%, and good quality organic precursors, which are of the sapropelic type mainly derived from lower aquatic plants and have reached the thermal evolution stage featured by oil-producing climax. Generally the lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks were developed in local depressions of a lake basin, and the Chang 91 member was particularly formed in a depositional environment characterized by fresh water to weakly saline water, weakly oxidizing to weakly reducing setting and semi-deep lake facies, as was demonstrated by a variety of organic to inorganic geochemical parameters. As a result, high productivity constitutes the principal controlling force for generation of this series of high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks. Deposition of thinly-bedded and laminated tuffs as well as positive Eu anomaly corroborate the possible occurrence of anoxic geological event closely related to contemporaneous volcanic eruption, which would play a key part in development of the Chang 91 member of high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks.