气候变化背景下森林动态模拟研究综述

在全球气候变化背景下,森林的地理分布与生态过程研究受到越来越多的关注.森林对气候变化的响应是一个复杂的过程,在已有模拟方法中,林窗模型和全球植被动态模型由于考虑了气候作用下植被的演替与更新等机理,能较为合理地模拟气候变化背景下森林的瞬态响应,是目前气候变化研究的热点之一.全球植被动态模型以植物功能类型(PFTs)表示区域森林植被组成,通过模拟PFTs比例的变化来反映森林地理分布格局的动态变化.通过回顾上述两类模型的发展历程,梳理了模型在模拟研究森林地理分布及生态过程中,对过去和未来气候变化的潜在响应方面的应用,并针对模型中存在的不足,提出今后应在动态模型多尺度研究、加强模型对非气候因子的描述、模型间比较、多源遥感数据与模型同化等方面开展重点研究.     

湖南平江县仁里超大型伟晶岩型铌钽多金属矿床的发现及其意义

湖南平江县仁里铌钽多金属矿床是湖南省核工业地质局311大队新发现的高品位超大型伟晶岩型稀有多金属矿床,经过多年的地质勘查,在幕阜山复式花岗岩体西南缘的仁里矿区查明伟晶岩脉140条,发现铌钽矿脉14条。对主要矿脉进行了地表槽探和深部钻探验证,具有北铌钽南锂的特征,铌钽矿体具规模大、矿体形态简单、连续性好,矿化较均匀,品位富、埋藏浅,矿石质量优及资源潜力大等特点。矿区估算(333+334)Ta2O5资源量10791 t,Nb2O5:14057 t,平均品位Ta2O5:0.036%,Nb2O5:0.047%,达到超大型规模。仁里超大型铌钽多金属矿床的发现,突破以往对大岩基难以形成和找到超大型伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的既往认识,提出幕阜山矿集区定位于构造岩浆隆起带,仁里矿床大型层状构造与燕山期岩浆岩联合控矿、含铌钽矿伟晶岩脉形成于区域后造山构造环境的伸展构造体制的新认识,分析了区域上的找矿方向,丰富和发展了稀有金属成矿理论,为华南地区稀有金属矿产找矿实现了重大突破,使幕阜山地区有望成为我国一个新的重要铌钽等稀有金属资源基地。     

3D joint inversion of controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric and magnetotelluric data

Different geophysical exploration methods have significant differences in terms of exploration depth, especially in frequency domain electromagnetic(EM) exploration. According to the definition of skin depth, this difference will increase with the effective detection frequency of the method. As a result,when performing three-dimensional inversion on single type of EM data, it is not possible to effectively distinguish the subsurface geoelectric structure at the full scale. Therefore, it is neces...     

昌宁-孟连结合带清平地区斜长角闪岩锆石年代学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究

昌宁-孟连结合带清平地区发育较为完整的蛇绿岩组合,主要由蚀变橄榄岩、蛇纹岩、枕状玄武岩、斜长角闪岩等构造单元组成。通过对该蛇绿混杂岩中的斜长角闪岩的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb锆石年代学研究,获得²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄分别为433.9±2.9Ma,436.7±2.4Ma,说明斜长角闪岩形成为早志留世。对锆石原位微区Hf同位素锆石分析获得ε_Hf(t)值为5.5～6.7,均值6.2。SiO₂含量为45.65%～50.71%,平均为48.02%,K₂O/Na₂O比值0.07～0.23,具有富钠贫钾的亚碱性系列岩石。轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,(La/Yb)_N=1.87～4.35,轻重稀土分馏明显,δEu=0.80～1.26,总体无明显的Eu异常。微量元素大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr)相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti和Zr具有不同程度的亏损,反映俯冲带构造的特征,岩石地球化学特征显示具有E-MORB的性质,经构造环境图解判别,样...     

全拖曳式深海直流电阻率法三维任意各向异性正演模拟

高精度、高效率的深海勘探是当前国家海洋资源勘探开发的研究热点之一,设计观测效率高、勘探成本低的探测方式,开发可精确计算海底复杂电性环境的正演模拟算法有助于推进该研究的进展。本文基于前人的研究经验,引入了全拖曳式深海直流电阻率观测方式,同时考虑到海底沉积环境的电各向异性,开发了基于非结构有限元方法的三维任意各向异性深海直流电阻率正演算法,实现了对海底任意电各向异性情况的仿真模拟。本文算法与层状一维模型半解析解的对比验证了算法的精度。对典型各向异性电性模型的仿真模拟和分析,证明了全拖曳式深海探测方式对海底沉积层和矿产资源电各向异性的高分辨率。在此基础上,总结了电导率各向异性主轴沿笛卡尔坐标旋转时视电阻率分布也发生同方向旋转的视电阻率分布特征,并根据海底地形对各向异性探测的影响进行了简单探讨。     

陕西省地震台网运维故障管理信息化系统设计与实现

地震台站是开展地震监测预报工作的基础，随着地震部门“国家地震速报与烈度预警工程”的实施，地震台站数量急剧增加，使得地震台站运维工作面临挑战。为此，本文使用ASP.net技术开发了陕西省地震台网运维故障管理信息化系统，该系统可对地震台站发生的故障进行信息化管理。该系统具备故障诊断、故障挂单、故障查询、故障完成等全流程信息化故障管理功能，还具备故障数据收集、导出、统计分析、企业微信通知、台站地图导航等多项功能，解决了台站发生故障后无标准化处置流程、资料均为纸质化、维修记录不全、管理不精准等问题。该系统可与陕西省地震局已开发的软件良好对接与使用，满足了陕西省地震台网管理工作的需要，大幅提高了运维工作效率，节约了人力成本，提高了台站信息化管理能力。     

莫高窟崖顶防沙工程的效益分析

４年防沙实践证明：莫高窟崖顶防沙试验的工程设计构思是正确的，设计依据科学可靠，防护效益显著。对保护石窟和壁画已经起到重要的作用．其具体防护作用是：１）直接控制偏西风向洞窟搬运沙量的９５％左右；２）洞前夜间积沙减少了８０％以上；３）外围栅栏对来自主风向的外侧积沙的侧导率平均为３５％；对内侧积沙的侧导率，在偏东风作用下可达５７．５１％，在偏西风作用下平均为１５．８９％．上述防沙作用均具有明显的季节变化。     

基于阈值分割的黑龙江省森林类型遥感识别

全球变化背景下,准确获取森林覆盖是监测森林资源动态、实现林业可持续发展的重要基础。为将省级尺度森林资源清查面积资料空间化,以黑龙江省为例,利用1999-2003年该省森林资源清查面积数据,结合2000年500 m分辨率的MODIS数据,构建了基于阈值分割的森林类型遥感识别方法。该方法利用不同地表覆被类型归一化植被指数时间序列的季节分异特征,以森林资源清查面积为标准,设定森林类型的划分阈值,识别了黑龙江省森林类型的空间分布。最后,基于分层随机抽样和精度评价方法,表明森林类型识别结果与地面参考数据具有较高的一致性,总体分类精度为78.1%;特别是季节特征明显的落叶林,精度可达80%以上。本文所构建的方法可将森林清查统计数据进行准确的空间定位,同时结合多期森林资源连续清查资料和遥感信息,可为识别并量化区域生态系统生物量和碳库变化等提供科技支撑。     

A case study of internal solitary wave propagation during ASIAEX 2001

During the recent Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX), extensive current meter moorings were deployed around the continental shelf-break area in the northeastern South China Sea. Thirteen RADARSAT SAR images were collected during the field test to integrate with the in situ measurements from the moorings, ship-board sensors, and conductivity/temperatire/depth (CTD) casts. Besides providing a synoptic view of the entire region, satellite imagery is very useful for tracking the internal waves, locating surface fronts, and identifying mesoscale features. During ASIAEX in May 2001, many large internal waves were observed at the test area and were the major oceanic features studied for acoustic volume interaction. Based on the internal wave distribution maps compiled from satellite data, the wave crests can be as long as 200 km with an amplitude of 100 m. Environmental parameters have been calculated based on extensive CTD casts data near the ASIAEX area. Nonlinear internal wave models have been applied to integrate and assimilate both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and mooring data. Using SAR data in deep water as an initial condition, numerical simulations produced the wave evolution on the continental shelf and compared reasonably well with the mooring measurements at the downstream station. The shoaling, turning, and dissipation of large internal waves at the shelf break have been studied and are very important issues for acoustic propagation.     

Three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward modeling using structural-point EFGM and FEM coupling method

In this paper,the authors propose a method of three-dimensional(3D)magnetotelluric(MT)forward modeling algorithm based on the meshfree and finite element coupling method.The model is discretized by regular nodes in the central area,and the radial point interpolation method(RPIM)based on the global weakness is utilized to construct the meshfree shape function.The Governing equations in each background gird are solved by Gaussian integration.In the extended area where the points are sparsely distributed,to avoid the instability of the meshfree method,finite element method(FEM)with regular grids is used to solve the governing equation.Finally,the meshfree and finite element governing equations are coupled by the continuity of the field at the interfaces,and the direct solution technique is used to realize the 3D MT forward modeling.Numerical experiments of several typical electrical models are used to verify the effectiveness of the method.