Spatial and seasonal pattern of macrozoobenthic assemblages and the congruence in water quality bioassessment using different taxa in artificial Mingzhu Lake in Shanghai

The spatial and seasonal pattern of macrozoobenthic structure and its relationship with environmental factors were studied from July 2006 to April 2008 in Mingzhu Lake, Chongming Island, Shanghai at the Changjiang River mouth. The congruences in water quality bioassessment based on diversity and biotic indices and using different taxonomic categories were also explored to find the best assessment method of water quality for the lake. All major structural characteristics of macrozoobenthic community, including species composition, abundance, biomass and four biomass-based diversity indices (Shannon’s diversity, Simpson’s diversity, Pielou’s evenness and Simpson’s evenness index) fluctuated significantly in season but in space. The above four abundance-based diversity indices plus abundance-based Margalef’s richness index did not display significant spatial variations; and significant seasonal differences were found in three indices only. Water temperature was the key environmental factor responsible for macrozoobenthic spatio-temporal distribution patterns. Water quality assessed by Shannon’s index (H _a′) and biological pollution index (BPI) rather than the other four biotic indices were consistent with those by trophic state index (TSI). Results from chironomids and oligochaetes did not always agree to those from the whole community when H _a′ or Hilsenhoff biotic index was applied to bioassessment. Therefore, combining multiple indices and avoiding a single taxonomic category to assess water quality are strongly recommended and in Mingzhu Lake using a mixture of H _a′ and BPI will ensure the most effective investigation of water quality. Our results also show that the main structural characteristics of macrozoobenthic communities in the small lake may display consistent spatial patterns.     

陵水凹陷北坡海底扇孔隙演化和成岩相研究

琼东南盆地陵水凹陷北坡海底扇储层岩性较细,物性较差,并且对其低渗的成因不明、甜点的展布也不清。通过利用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析、压汞以及物性等资料来分析其孔隙演化,并从成岩相的研究角度来预测其甜点展布。研究结果认为研究区梅山组二段储层孔隙类型主要为原生粒间孔和铸模孔,处在中成岩阶段A期。从沉积因素和成岩作用两个方面总结出了研究区的孔隙演化模式:沉积环境控制了原始孔隙度的大小,后期机械压实是孔隙减小的主要原因,溶解作用对孔隙增大起到了巨大贡献。研究区主要识别和划分出了中等压实长石溶蚀相、中等压实海绿石胶结相和强压实弱溶蚀相3种成岩相,甜点主要分布在水动力较强的海底扇内扇中等压实长石溶蚀相中。     

Field Studies of Dynamic Compaction on Marine Deposits

Marine deposit ground usually need significant improvement before the construction of civil structures in coastal areas due to the poor mechanical properties of soils. Dynamic compaction (DC) is a widely used technique in such projects. In this study, a case history of DC tests in sandy soils with a weak embedded layer is introduced. Two series of DC tests—single point tests and impact zone tests—were applied to test zones with similar geological conditions to investigate the effect of energy level on the depth of improvement (DI). The highest energy used is up to 15000 kN · m. Field measurements were conduct before and after DC in each series to validate the effectiveness of improvement, including crater settlement, excessive pore pressure, and acceleration measurement for single point tests, and the pressure meter and CPT tests for impact zone tests. For single point tests, the effectiveness of improvement increases as the energy level increases to 12000 kN · m. Further increase of compaction energy does not have an effect on settlement, pore pressure, or ground acceleration. For impact zone tests, the energy level does not show a positive correlation with the DI, mainly due to the presence of an embedded weak layer.     

海岛生态旅游开发模式研究——以山东长岛为例

海岛生态旅游开发模式的研究有助于成熟海岛目的地开发新产品增加新收入,也有助于新进入者获得市场先发优势,对无居民海岛旅游开发具有启发意义。文章通过对国内外海岛生态旅游理论和实践研究及实地走访,提出海岛生态旅游的五大特征;依照开发活动对海岛生态系统干扰程度由低到高,将其开发模式依次分为严格的、中等的和不严格的模式;对山东长岛进行案例实证研究,对比不同开发模式的优劣势,建议山东长岛采用严格的生态旅游开发模式,实施以海洋野生动物为核心的生态旅游带动海岛自然旅游的差异化战略,获得海内外市场,并促进当地经济、社会和生态的可持续发展。     

延长油田浅层高密井网水平井防碰绕障技术研究

为了经济有效开发浅层（300～600 m）低渗透、低丰度油藏,提高油藏采收率,陕西延长石油（集团）有限责任公司尝试利用旧井场在老井区部署加密浅层水平井进行调整开发,开展了在复杂工程、地质等多种不利限制条件下具有延长油田特色的浅层高密井网水平井防碰绕障技术研究。通过优化井眼轨迹,精细防碰扫描以及配套的现场工程技术措施,有效控制井眼方位,进行主动防碰绕障。现场应用结果表明,在该技术指导下浅层水平井均成功穿越或避开老井网,保证了钻井作业的安全进行,为油田浅层难动用油藏中后期开发提供了一条新的途径。     

江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气的中尺度特征分析

利用常规气象资料、卫星、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达等资料,对发生在江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气形势背景、环境热动力条件、强冰雹发生前地区环境场变化、超级单体雷达回波中尺度特征等进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)在东北冷涡槽后干冷气流影响下,中高层干冷、低层暖湿的不稳定层结,高低空急流以及地面辐合系统的配置为此次强对流天气的产生提供了有利热动力条件;高CAPE值、逆温层、低层适当水汽条件及较强的深层垂直风切变有利于强冰雹天气的发生。(2)利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线仪数据反演垂直分布的物理量场(平均散度、平均垂直速度、相对风暴螺旋度、垂直风切变)能够反映本站上空环境场的快速变化情况:强对流系统移入本站前雷达站上空逐渐调整为低层辐合、中高层辐散的风场配置结构,螺旋度和垂直风切变数值逐渐增加,表明环境场有利于强对流系统的维持发展。(3)强降雹超级单体除具有三体散射现象、入流缺口等雷达回波中尺度特征外,持久深厚的中气旋存在造成了显著的有界弱回波区和高悬垂强回波区。应用双多普勒雷达风场反演技术揭示了超级单体内部环流结构:低层气旋性旋转,中层旋转加强,高层风场辐散。超级单体内部涡旋特征的出现和维持有利于支撑空中大冰雹的增长。