Molecular phylogeny of familiar flatfish species(Pleuronectidae) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene

A molecular phylogenetic analysis was undertaken to evaluate the present systematic status of commercially familiar Pleuronectidae fishes in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. We sequenced a 529 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） COl gene from 34 individuals of these familiar flatfishes from 11 species of nine genera collected in China and Japan. Genetic relationships among haplotypes of specimens from 11 species for COI gene data were reconstructed using the neighbour-joining method and the maximum parsimony （MP） method. The resulting molecular phylogeny of the 11 species, with a few exceptions, supported the existing taxonomy which was based largely on the morphological characteristics. The most noteworthy findings were that the genus Pleuronichthys diverged before deriving of the common ancestor for the other species; the stone flounder, Kareius biocoloratus, should belong to the genus Platichthys with the latin name Platichthys biocoloratus and the genus Verasper was not the extraordinary differ- entiation from the other species in family Pleuronectidae. The resultant phylogenetic trees were also consistent with multiple origins of direct development within family Pleuronectidae. New proof not only for further illuminating the multiple origins of Pleuronectidae but also for confirmation of the evolutionary relationships among groups in the family will be supported.     

Histological change and heat shock protein 70 expression in different tissues of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in response to elevated temperature

High temperature influences the homeostasis of fish.We investigated the effects of elevated temperature on tissues of Japanese flounder {Paralichthys olivaceus) by analyzing the histology and heat shock protein 70(hsp70) expression of fish reared in warm conditions.In this study,temperature was increased at l±0.5℃/day starting at 24±0.5℃,and was kept at that temperature for 5 days before the next rise.After raising temperature at the rate up to 32±0.5℃,tissue samples from midgut,spleen,stomach,liver,muscle,gill,heart,trunk kidney and brain were collected for histological analysis and mRNA assay.Almost all the tissues showed changes in morphological structure and hsp70 level at 32±0.5℃.Histological assessment of the tissues indicated that the gill had the most serious damage,including highly severe epithelial lifting and edema,curved tips and hyperemia at the ending of the lamellars,desquamation and necrosis.The next most severe damage was found in liver and kidney.The hsp70 levels in all the tissues first increased and then decreased.The gut,stomach,muscle,heart,and brain had the highest expressions in 6 h,whereas the spleen,liver,gill and kidney had the highest expressions in 2 h.Therefore,tissues with the most significant lesions(especially gill and liver) responded much earlier(2 h) in hsp70 expression than other tissues,and these tissues demonstrated the most marked histological disruption and elevated mRNA levels,making them ideal candidates for further studies on the thermal physiology of this species.     

川西郭达山隧道水平孔地应力测量与工程意义

新建川藏铁路穿越鲜水河活动构造带,沿线构造应力场极其复杂,隧道围岩工程破坏问题突出。为了揭示该区构造应力场特征,为深埋隧道设计、施工提供基础参数,采用新型水压致裂地应力测量系统在川西郭达山隧道水平孔获得10段有效地应力测量数据,最大测量深度达508.10 m,创造了水平孔地应力测量最深记录。测量结果表明,在148.4~508.1 m测量深度范围,郭达山隧道水平孔截面上最大主应力值为3.59~13.72 MPa,最小主应力值为3.28~8.36 MPa。根据印模实验结果,除浅部钻孔截面上最大主应力倾角较大外,深部钻孔截面上最大主应力倾角近水平。根据地应力状态将0~280 m段划分为应力释放区,280~330 m段为应力集中区,大于330 m段为原地应力区。基于地应力测量结果对郭达山隧道水平孔围岩稳定性进行了预判分析,在孔深292.9 m、508.10 m处隧道围岩有轻微至中等程度岩爆可能,其余段无岩爆可能性。     

Quantitative Zoning Assessment of Crustal Stability Along the Yunnan–Tibet Railway Line, Western China

The planned Yunnan–Tibet railway goes through the northwest of Yunnan Province and the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Because of its location near the collision belt of the Eurasian and Indian plates, complex engineering geological conditions and difficult engineering geological problems are encountered. The study is aimed at making the zoning assessment of crustal stability along the railway line so as to provide a better base for its construction, especially its line selection. For this purpose, the following seven influencing factors of crustal stability were selected and quantified by grading and scoring: active fault, seismic activity, geo-stress field, geo-strain field, geothermal field, geo-hazard, and lithologic character. Of these factors, the active fault, seismic activity and geo-hazard are the three most prominent factors influencing the railway construction. Along the railway line there are 1731703 calculation units to be divided. The zoning assessment calculation was completed by ArcGIS-based information fusion method. The assessment results aid railway line selection and show that there are 10 stable sectors, 28 relatively stable sectors, 23 relatively unstable sectors, and 20 unstable sectors along the Yunnan–Tibet railway line.     

地质灾害信息系统研究——以重庆市丰都县为例

近10年来,随着信息科学和计算机技术的快速发展,地理信息系统的开发应用研究越来越广泛,地质灾害信息系统是地理信息系统在地质灾害领域的应用研究.本文在简要介绍地质灾害信息系统基本内容和功能的基础上,以重庆市丰都县地质灾害信息系统建设为例,从地质灾害空间数据库建设、空间分析模块、群测群防监测预警体系和信息管理模块等方面论述区域地质灾害信息系统建设的基本步骤和应用功能,为丰都县地质灾害信息管理的系统化和规范化提供技术支撑体系,也为其它地区的类似研究提供范例.     

中国西南泛亚大通道环境工程地质问题概论

西南泛亚大通道是中国近期和今后将要重点规划建设的能源和交通廊带,具有重要的经济和战略意义。由于地处中国西南地质环境条件极其复杂的横断山区南段,该廊带地形地貌和地质构造都极其复杂,新构造活动强烈,导致地质灾害频发,并以类型全、数量多、规模大为特点。外动力地质灾害主要包括滑坡、崩塌、泥石流,它们制约着地表工程的建设和运营安全;高地温、高地应力和岩溶突水等又是控制地下工程规划建设的瓶颈。文中从地质环境演化过程的内外动力作用入手,简要地总结了中国西南泛亚大通道规划和建设过程中可能遇到的地质灾害和重大工程地质问题,并探讨了上述问题的研究途径。     

活动断裂带工程地质研究

活动构造带工程地质问题是工程地质和岩土工程界长期关注的难点,主要涉及断裂剧烈活动(地震)产生的地表破裂、隧道震害、斜坡地质灾害、非震期活动断裂带隧道应力异常、碎裂岩带大变形,以及活动断裂长期演化过程中对地形地貌、斜坡岩体结构和局部地应力场的影响等。本文简要回顾了国内外活动断裂带工程地质研究从模糊到逐渐清晰的过程,重点梳理总结了地面工程避让活动断裂、隧道工程穿越活动断裂带的稳定性评价、活动断裂带斜坡地质灾害效应等方面的主要进展,结合作者以往研究认为：①不同类型活动断裂的影响带宽度或避让距离有所差异,逆断型地表破裂影响带宽度(D)与垂直位移(H)基本符合线性关系D=10H+16. 0m,可据此确定避让距离,走滑型地表破裂的避让距离取15m为宜。②结合复杂艰险山区铁路选线和施工过程,给出了隧道工程穿越活动断裂带的合理角度,以及地震期和非地震期活动断裂带附近的隧道变形破坏特征。③从活动断裂带对地形地貌和岩体结构的影响、断裂剧烈活动(地震)诱发崩塌滑坡灾害、断裂蠕滑作用对斜坡应力场和稳定性的影响、断裂活动为地质灾害链提供大量物源等方面,揭示了活动断裂带地质灾害效应的主要表现形式。综合以上研究进展和存在的问题,提出了今后值得关注的主要研究方向,对于活动构造区工程地质研究和防灾减灾具有指导意义。     

青藏高原鲜水河活动断裂带蠕变斜坡地质灾害InSAR识别研究

断裂带附近往往是蠕变斜坡地质灾害的多发区,微小变形是指示蠕变斜坡地质灾害的一项重要标志。本文以青藏高原鲜水河活动断裂带为研究区,选用多期ALOS/PALSAR合成孔径雷达数据进行时序干涉(InSAR)观测,获得了毫米级的地表变形量,结合现场调查、遥感解译和地质条件综合分析,揭示了该区域蠕变斜坡地质灾害的类别、变形特征和空间发育规律:(1)断裂沿线主要发育了蠕变滑坡、蠕变泥石流物源和冰碛物流动3种类型蠕变斜坡地质灾害;(2)蠕滑滑坡具有"错乱的等高线状台阶",凸凹不平的主滑方向地形剖面,舌状地貌,无基岩裸露滑床等特征;(3)鲜水河断裂北段古滑坡、历史地震滑坡和震裂斜坡发育,与断裂带直接相交的,大部分存在蠕滑变形,未相交的往往无蠕滑变形,体现了活动断裂对地质灾害发育的控制作用;(4)发育"土石林型"和"坡面松散堆积物型"两种泥石流,识别特征是物源区有分散的缓慢变形体,流域范围内变形体的数量和速率是重要标志;(5)鲜水河断裂带附近4200m高程以上区域广泛存在现代冰碛物沿冰川槽谷滑动变形,其分布范围广、单体规模大、运动速率高,是现今研究区最主要的地表剥蚀形式之一。研究结果也表明,InSAR技术结合地质条件能有效地识别蠕变斜坡地质灾害,适于山区地质灾害众多、调查不便的工作环境,是地质灾害调查技术未来重要发展方向。