Differences in atmospheric heat source between the Tibetan Plateau–South Asia region and the southern Indian Ocean and their impacts on the Indian summer monsoon outbreak

In this paper, the NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data are used to investigate the characteristics of the atmospheric heat source/sink (AHSS) over South Asia (SA) and southern Indian Ocean (SIO). The thermal differences between these two regions and their influence on the outbreak of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) are explored. Composite analysis and correlation analysis are applied. The results indicate that the intraseasonal variability of AHSS is significant in SA but insignificant in the SIO. Large inland areas in the Northern Hemisphere still behave as a heat sink in March, similar to the situation in winter. Significant differences are found in the distribution of AHSS between the ocean and land, with distinct land–ocean thermal contrast in April, and the pattern presents in the transitional period right before the ISM onset. In May, strong heat centers appear over the areas from the Indochina Peninsula to the Bay of Bengal and south of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which is a typical pattern of AHSS distribution during the monsoon season. The timing of SA–SIO thermal difference turning positive is about 15 pentads in advance of the onset of the ISM. Then, after the thermal differences have turned positive, a pre-monsoon meridional circulation cell develops due to the near-surface heat center and the negative thermal contrast center, after which the meridional circulation of the ISM gradually establishes. In years of early (late) conversion of the SA–SIO thermal difference turning from negative to positive, the AHSS at all levels over the TP and SIO converts later (earlier) than normal and the establishment of the ascending and descending branches of the ISM’s meridional circulation is later (earlier) too. Meanwhile, the establishment of the South Asian high over the TP is later (earlier) than normal and the conversion of the Mascarene high from winter to summer mode occurs anomalously late (early). As a result, the onset of the ISM is later (earlier) than normal. However, the difference in vorticity between early and late conversion only shows in the changes of strong vorticity centers’ location in the upper and lower troposphere.     

山东海洋外来入侵生物与防控对策

根据2004-2005年调查,山东海洋外来入侵生物至少有30种,其中,外来有害病毒1种,外来赤潮生物7种,外来养殖藻类2种,外来栽培盐生植物3种,外来动物16种.本文报道了山东海洋30种外来入侵生物及分布,分析了其危害,并提出了防控对策和建议.     

Statistic characteristics of thermal structure in the southern Yellow Sea in summer

Based on the temperature data along 34°N, 35°N and 36°N sections in August from 1977 to 2003, the structure and formation of the Southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (SYSCWM) and its responses to El Nino events are analyzed. Results show that: (1) There exist double cold cores under the main thermocline along the 35°N and 36°N sections. Also, double warm cores exist above the main thermocline along the 36°N section. (2) Thermocline dome by upwelling separates the upper warm water into two parts, the eastern and western warm waters. Additionally, the circulation structure caused by upwelling along the cold front and northeastward current along the coast in summer is the main reasons of double warm cores along the 36°N section. The intermediate cold water is formed in early spring and moves eastward slowly, which results in the formation of the western one of double cold cores. (3) Position of the thermocline dome and its intensity vary interannually, which is related to El Nino events. However, the     

Reconstruction of vertical thermal structure from several subsurface temperatures in the China Seas and adjacent waters

Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is used in this study to generate main eigenvector fields of historical temperature for the China Seas (here referring to Chinese marine territories) and adjacent waters from 1930 to 2002 (510 143 profiles). A good temperature profile is reconstructed based on several subsurface in situ temperature observations and the thermocline was estimated using the model. The results show that: 1) For the study area, the former four principal components can explain 95% of the overall variance, and the vertical distribution of temperature is most stable using the in situ temperature observations near the surface. 2) The model verifications based on the observed CTD data from the East China Sea (ECS), South China Sea (SCS) and the areas around Taiwan Island show that the reconstructed profiles have high correlation with the observed ones with the confidence level >95%, especially to describe the characteristics of the thermocline well. The average errors between the reconstructed and observed profiles in these three areas are 0.69°C, 0.52°C and 1.18°C respectively. It also shows the model RMS error is less than or close to the climatological error. The statistical model can be used to well estimate the temperature profile vertical structure. 3) Comparing the thermocline characteristics between the reconstructed and observed profiles, the results in the ECS show that the average absolute errors are 1.5m, 1.4 m and 0.17°C/m, and the average relative errors are 24.7%, 8.9% and 22.6% for the upper, lower thermocline boundaries and the gradient, respectively. Although the relative errors are obvious, the absolute error is small. In the SCS, the average absolute errors are 4.1 m, 27.7 m and 0.007°C/m, and the average relative errors are 16.1%, 16.8% and 9.5% for the upper, lower thermocline boundaries and the gradient, respectively. The average relative errors are all <20%. Although the average absolute error of the lower thermocline boundary is considerable, but contrast to the spatial scale of average depth of the lower thermocline boundary (165 m), the average relative error is small (16.8%). Therefore the model can be used to well estimate the thermocline. Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX-3W-222; KZCX2-YW-Q11-02) and National Basic Research Program of China (No.2007CB411802; 2006CB403601)     

Research on the growth orientation of pyrite grains in the colloform textures in Baiyunpu Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit,Hunan, China

Mineralogy and Petrology - A large number of colloform-textured pyrites were found in Baiyunpu Pb–Zn ore bodies in Xinshao County, Hunan, China. This study investigates the growth orientation...     

MSCT双期增强扫描对甲状旁腺腺瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤的多层螺旋CT（MSCT）双期增强扫描及三维重建影像特征,评价其对甲状旁腺腺瘤的术前诊断及定位价值。资料和方法：回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的63例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者的影像学检查资料,分析其影像征象。结果：62例（98.4％）为单发病灶,1例（1.6％）为多发病灶,共计病灶64枚。45枚（70.3％）病变位于甲状腺下极后方,15枚（23.4％）位于甲状腺上极后方,4枚（6.3％）为异位腺瘤,其中1枚异位于甲状腺内,3枚异位于纵隔内食管旁。CT平扫,病变呈均匀或不均匀软组织密度影,部分病变内可见低密度坏死区,33枚（51.6％）病灶与正常甲状腺之间可见“短线征”。CT增强早期,肿瘤明显均匀或不均匀强化,增强晚期病变强化程度减低,病变与周围组织之间的密度差减小,“短线征”未见明显变化。18枚（28.1％）病灶可见细小动脉血管进入病灶。三维重建图像显示53枚（82.8％）病灶长轴平行于身体长轴。结论：MSCT双期增强扫描及三维重建可较好地显示甲状旁腺腺瘤的部位、大小、形态和内部质地成分等特征,并可清晰显示与周围组织结构关系,对于病变的定性和定位具有重要价值。     

中纬度海气相互作用研究进展

回顾了中纬度海气相互作用的研究现状,分析了长期以来该项研究进展缓慢的原因和近十几年来的研究成果,结果指出:中纬度海洋在全球气候变化中有着重要的作用;冬季中纬度海气相互作用的强信号是冷空气强度;中纬度海洋强暖流区海气能量交换异常对同期和后期(半年至一年)北半球范围内的大气环流型有重要影响;当冬季黑潮和湾流海域海洋对大气同时异常多或异常少加热时,易形成夏季长江中下游偏旱或偏涝的环流形势。最后还提出,深入研究中纬度海气能量系统异常对大气环流影响及其物理机制,是今后海气相互作用研究的重要内容,其结果将为短期气候预测提供理论依据。     

岩溶地区垃圾渗透液中36种挥发性有机物的测定

应用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定岩溶地区垃圾渗透液中36种挥发性有机物（VOCs）的含量。获取样品溶液5 mL于吹扫瓶中,利用TELEDYNE TEKMAR型吹扫捕集直接进样,经DB-VRX毛细管色谱柱分离、电子轰击电离（EI）全扫描检测,选择特征离子,再用外标法进行定量测定。结果表明:36种挥发性有机物的质量浓度在1～100 μg·L-1 范围内,与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法检出限在0.03～0.27 μg·L-1 之间,加标回收率在88%～110%之间,相对标准偏差（n=7）在2.32%～6.51%之间。      

南京市区不同下垫面对人体舒适度的影响分析

为了分析城市绿化改变对人体舒适度的影响,于2006年4～5月期间对南京信息工程大学的林地、裸地和草地3种不同下垫面的主要气象要素进行对比观测,以气温、相对湿度和风速资料作为评价环境对人体舒适度的影响因素。用数学模糊评判方法,对不同下垫面的人体舒适度进行模糊综合评判,结果表明:4～5月草地的舒适度高于裸地和林地;裸地的舒适度高于林地;同草地和裸地相比,林地气温较低,舒适度最低。     

气候变化背景下陆地季风与非季风区极端降水特征对比

利用月平均地表气候要素数据集(CRUTS 4.02)的逐月降水和逐月日平均气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、滑动平均和相关分析等方法,研究了 1901-2017年气候变化背景下全球陆地季风区与非季风区的极端降水特征.结果表明:我国所处的亚洲季风区的极端降水频率分布较为稳定,仅在变暖减缓时段出现大范围小值区;非季风区在急剧加速...