地形图分幅编号解析法优化研究

依据地形图分幅编号的规律 ,应用测算地面点坐标和语言学的原理 ,从建立解算地形图分幅编号数学模式的坐标系和使数学模式的参数符号概念化两个方面 ,对国家基本比例尺地形图分幅编号的解析法进行优化研究 ,以提高其科学性     

云南地区强震前中小地震活跃—平静的定量计算

以累计频度定量计算方法 ,讨论了云南地区 1970年以来 ,各个强震孕震区的地震活动非线性度ZL值的时间进程曲线 ,系统计算了Ms≥ 6 3级强震前的ZL值曲线 ,结果表明 :强震前地震活动非线性度ZL值异常表现出的地震孕震区的地震平静—活跃或活跃—平静过程至少出现一次 ,且震例中的 83 %开始出现平静(活跃 )的时间为强震前 1～ 2 12 年 ,强震前半年左右结束出现活跃 (平静 )。     

辽东太子河流域晚石炭世刺毛类生长形态与礁体建造的研究

晚石炭世莫斯科期刺毛类(Chaetetids)是重要的造礁生物,在全球范围内广泛分布并建造礁体。中国已报道的刺毛类礁主要分布在辽东太子河流域,产在上石炭统本溪组海相灰岩中。刺毛类生长形态多样,有层状、板状、丘状、分枝状和柱状,主要以板状覆盖沉积物的方式造礁。研究区刺毛类礁中刺毛类生长形态及其所主导的生物群落在垂向上变化明显,由此将礁体的建造划分为三个阶段:(1)定殖阶段:刺毛类较少,生长方式单一,多以层状形态生长在棘屑滩上。层状刺毛类体积小,抗浪能力较弱,很难在其周围创造水流平缓的可供其他底栖生物生存的环境。因而该阶段群落生物种类单一,数量稀少;(2)繁盛阶段:刺毛类丰富,生长形态多样,以板状、分枝状和丘状为主。板状刺毛类单独形成的礁骨架,或与分枝状和丘状刺毛类组合起来的礁骨架,都能在其周围一定范围营造适宜底栖生物生存的环境,因此该阶段群落的生物多样性高;(3)衰退阶段:刺毛类很少,多为薄层状,断续生长在棘屑组成的基底上。薄层状刺毛类很脆弱,基本失去改善周围环境的能力,因此该阶段群落生物多样性很低。以上分析说明刺毛类生长形态的变化可以影响生物群落的组成和演化。生物群落的演化过程就是礁体建造的过程。从刺毛类生长形态的角度研究礁体建造过程,为分析由具有多种生长形态的造礁生物建造的生物礁的成礁机制提供新思路。     

典型工业城市土壤重金属元素形态特征及生态风险评估

城市工业化发展易造成土壤重金属污染等环境问题。已有研究表明, 土壤重金属对生态环境的危害不仅与其总量有关,更大程度上取决于重金属的赋存形态。为查明河套平原某典型工业城市城区土壤重金属的含量特征、赋存状态和风险状况,本文在该市不同功能区采集土壤样品52件,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)等分析技术测定土壤重金属元素含量和赋存形态状况的基础上,采用风险评价编码法(RAC)对城区土壤重金属的生态风险进行评价。结果表明: ①表层土壤重金属元素含量(除As外)均不同程度地高于河套平原背景值,Pb、Cr、Mn、Cd、Zn的变异系数较大,空间分布不均匀,受人类活动影响显著;工业区重金属含量超过背景值程度最重,尤其是Cd(背景值的5.83倍)和Pb(背景值的3.58倍);道路重金属含量也明显高于背景值,Cd是背景值的近4倍。②重金属Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As元素形态以残渣态为主;Cr、Ni、Cu和As的残渣态平均占比都大于70%,Cd的残渣态在各功能区约占30%。③RAC风险评价结果显示各功能区的Cd和工业区的Pb达到高风险等级,生态风险较大。研究结果可为城区土壤重金属潜在生态风险防范提供科学依据。     

Sinkhole hazard assessment in Minnesota using a decision tree model

An understanding of what influences sinkhole formation and the ability to accurately predict sinkhole hazards is critical to environmental management efforts in the karst lands of southeastern Minnesota. Based on the distribution of distances to the nearest sinkhole, sinkhole density, bedrock geology and depth to bedrock in southeastern Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, a decision tree model has been developed to construct maps of sinkhole probability in Minnesota. The decision tree model was converted as cartographic models and implemented in ArcGIS to create a preliminary sinkhole probability map in Goodhue, Wabasha, Olmsted, Fillmore, and Mower Counties. This model quantifies bedrock geology, depth to bedrock, sinkhole density, and neighborhood effects in southeastern Minnesota but excludes potential controlling factors such as structural control, topographic settings, human activities and land-use. The sinkhole probability map needs to be verified and updated as more sinkholes are mapped and more information about sinkhole formation is obtained.     

假雄牙鲆消化器官中碱性磷酸酶比活性的研究

碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatases)是一种内源性酶，几乎存在于所有动物的细胞膜(plasma membrane)中，它在许多代谢活动中，如动物的生长、蛋自质的合成、营养成分的转运、类固醇的生成等方面都发挥着重要的作用(Ram et al.，1985)。因此，对于碱性磷酸酶的研究，有利于了解鱼类的消化生理，并有助于更深刻地理解鱼类体内营养成分的吸收和转运机制。假雄牙鲆是在雌性牙鲆的一定生长发育阶段，用人工诱导的方法使之性转化所获得的。对于假雄牙鲆的生理、生化特性的研究，至今还未见正式报道。本实验以一年龄假雄牙鲆为研究对象，研究了不同消化器官中碱性磷酸酶的比活性，并初步探讨了在不同发育时期碱性磷酸酶比活性的变化，从而能够更深刻地理解假雄牙鲆体内营养成分消化与吸收的过程和机制，并有助于牙鮃的人工培育。     

胶东两大成因系列金矿石英包裹体氢氧同位素及成矿流体组分地球化学研究

胶东金的成矿作用是在以前寒武纪绿岩带为初始矿源层背景上演化的。与各时代地质热事件相匹配的成矿作用形成了区域两大内生成因系列热液金矿——元古宙变生热液金矿及中生代大气降水热液金矿。成矿流体与围岩相互作用过程中的δD、δ~(18)O演化规律及成矿流体化学组分一方面揭示了这两种矿床成因的差异,另一方面又反映了它们存在着某些内在的成因联系。     

Mechanism of sinkhole formation during groundwater-level recovery in karst mining area,Dachengqiao, Hunan province,China

The Meitanba Coal Mine area in Hunan province, China, had been impacted by severe cover collapse sinkholes since 1982 due to mine dewatering. After the coal mine was closed in February 2015, the groundwater level has increased significantly. A series of sinkholes were recorded in the study area during groundwater-level recovery. Analysis of monitoring results and in-situ investigation indicated that 13 sinkhole collapses were more likely induced by abrupt change of groundwater–air pressure in response to heavy rainfall from March 2015 to July 2016 when the groundwater level increased by as much as 76 m. When the karst conduit was flooded, a relatively sealed environment was formed between saturated sediments and flooded karst conduit. Implosion of entrapped air might have caused the cave roof to collapse followed by surface collapses in a short time. On the other hand, four sinkholes occurred in November 2016 when the groundwater levels were near the soil–bedrock interface at elevations between 52.5 and 58.9 m amsl and the groundwater-level increase was at slower paces. Field measurements indicate that the groundwater-level fluctuation at the soil–bedrock interface could enlarge the soil cavity and accelerate the subsoil erosion process.     

Spatial operations in a GIS-based karst feature database

This paper presents the spatial implementation of the karst feature database (KFD) of Minnesota in a GIS environment. ESRI’s ArcInfo and ArcView GIS packages were used to analyze and manipulate the spatial operations of the KFD of Minnesota. Spatial operations were classified into three data manipulation categories: single layer operation, multiple layer operation, and other spatial transformation in the KFD. Most of the spatial operations discussed in this paper can be conducted using ArcInfo, ArcView, and ArcGIS. A set of strategies and rules were proposed and used to build the spatial operational module in the KFD to make the spatial operations more efficient and topographically correct.     

渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷BZ34-9区带火山岩三维刻画及火山喷发期次

基于火山岩溢流相的高连续强振幅和火山通道相的低连续弱振幅2种截然相反的地震反射特征, 建立振幅-方差体地震属性分级-拾取-融合技术刻画火山岩时空展布的方法, 有效刻画火山岩的三维时空展布以及火山喷发期次.通过渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷BZ34-9区带火山岩三维刻画和火山喷发期次研究, 取得以下认识: (1)研究区沙一二段火山岩零星分布, 主要发育在BZ34-9区带中部, 多为中心式喷发; 东营组火山岩广泛发育, 连片分布, 主要发育在BZ34-9区带南部缓坡带, 为中心式、裂隙-中心复合式喷发; (2)沙一二段东部火山先于西部火山喷发, 南部火山先于北部火山喷发; (3)东营组南部火山先于北部火山喷发, 且南部火山喷发期次多于北部, 北部火山多为短暂性喷发; (4)东营组火山较沙一二段活动强烈、喷发次数多、范围广.