The local spline vertical interpolation method of temperature and geopotential height fields and the time-dependent difference form of the hydrostatic equation

In numerical weather prediction (NWP), the accuracy of vertical interpolation of the initial data is a problem which is greatly concerned by people. In this paper, we specify vertical distributions of the temperature and the geopotential height fields and examine three interpolation methods, i.e. the Lagrangian polynomial inter-polation method (hereafter abbreviated to LP method), the linear interpolation method (LN method) and the local spline interpolation method (LS method) proposed by the author. The examination shows that when the vertical resolution of the initial data is high enough, for example, the number of the given data levels N is 10 or more, all the three methods get good accuracy of interpolation, especially, the LP and the LS methods have very little errors almost tending to zero, while the LN method has a little larger errors than the two formers and the errors at various levels have the same sign. When N is reduced to 5, the LP and the LS methods still have quite good accuracy and similar error distributions, while the LN method has less accuracy. If the geopo-tential height field needs to be adjusted in order to satisfy the hydrostatic equilibrium with the temperature field which is assumed fixed, then the LS method has minimum errors. The examination also indicates that the vertical resolution with at least 5 levels of initial data can keep the interpolation accuracy. Otherwise the accuracy will not be guaranteed no matter which method is used.It is also pointed out in this paper that the temperature and the geopotential height fields can be given inde-pendently in numerical prediction models in order to keep higher interpolation accuracy. However, the hydro-static equation should be finite differenced in other way which is somewhat different from the conventional one. In other words, the time dependent difference form of the equation should be used, so that the initial interpola-tion accuracy could have influence on the time integration.     

海洋生物过程在海洋吸收大气二氧化碳中的作用

使用一个包括浮游生物（植物、动物和细菌）和无生命氮（有机碎片、溶解有机氮、硝酸盐和铵）的食物网来描述发生在海洋上层的生物过程。并将该生物模式分别用在佛罗里达海峡的一个固定位置和从佛罗里达海峡（２４°Ｎ,８０°Ｗ）流经挪威海（６８°Ｎ,１０°Ｅ）（扩展湾流体系,ＥＧＳＳ）的一个水块中,研究了海洋中上述的生物过程对水块吸收大气二氧化碳的影响。水块模式的结果十分明显地表明了海洋中的水华季,比包括浮游植物－浮游动物－硝酸盐体系得到的峰陡,结果更合理。扩展湾流体系中平均净初级生产力为４３ｇＣｍ－２ａ－１,小于观测值。模拟的总碱度,总二氧化碳和二氧化碳分压落在观测值的范围内,在水块吸收大气ＣＯ２的总量中生物泵的作用约占１６％。     

三次强对流天气过程的湿位涡分析

本文对发生于江苏苏北地区不同季节的三次强对天气过程,应用湿位涡这样一个表征大气动力、热力、水汽诸因素特征的综合物理量进行了分析,揭示了倾斜性涡度的发展是强对流天气发生发展的一种重要机制,表明该物理量在强对流天气分析中能很好地反映热力学和动力学成因,尤其是湿位涡的垂直通量、湿位涡通量的水平散度、位涡变化率对强对流天气有较大的作用。     

海陆分布和地形对大气垂直环流影响的诊断研究

本文利用GFDL10年平均的气候资料,分析了海陆分布和地形对大气中经圈和纬圈垂直环流的影响。文中提出了用运动学方法分别在P和σ坐标系中计算大气垂直运动ω或W的新方法。讨论了欧亚非洲季风的垂直环流特征,并与非季风区相应垂直环流围进行了比较。结果表明,在具有明显南北向海陆差异的经度上（如欧亚大陆所在处）,垂直的季风经圈环流具有较大的强度,且有明显的季节变化。而在只有海洋的经度上,垂直经圈环流较弱,季节变化不明显。在纬圈方向,垂直环流圈在海陆差异较大的北半球中高纬度带也比海陆差异较小的低纬和赤道地区复杂得多。地形的作用迭加于海陆热力差异的作用之上,加强了地形区和自由大气间的热力差异,使青藏高原和落基山脉所在的经度带内的垂直环流圈变得更加复杂,季节变化更明显。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET*

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) have been analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995 in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region.It is found that there exist maximum centers of TMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as the western Pacific,SCS,the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal,and their locations and strengths change significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset.A positive zonal deviation of TMLH occurs first in the Indochina Peninsula,apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula.The appearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with the summer monsoon onset.Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas,the TMLH increases gradually with a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon,and the rate of increase is significantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean,TMLH decreases before the monsoon onset,varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually after the ending of monsoon.Therefore,it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an important role in the maintenance of the summer monsoon,and its variation is an phenomenon accompanying the onset of summer monsoon.     

球面网格全球模式中极点处理方法的探讨

对球面网格全球模式中极点的处理方法进行了较详细的探讨,提出了6种处理极点的方法,并进行了对比试验。结果表明,这6种方法都能模拟出与7月气候平均场较相符合的气候特征。文中提出的对极点气候要素进行预报的方法,以及避免使用极点气候要素值的方法,均有较好的模拟结果和实用价值。     

卫星云图和数值产品结合的讯期强降水预警系统

本文采用卫星云图分析和数值产品释用相结合的技术路线，对汛期强降水在红外云图、水汽图、可见光云图上的特征从形态学、统计学等方面进行了研究，获得了汛期强降水云团的特征结构，并结合数值预报产品，建立了汛期强降水云团预警系统。     

关键海区海温异常的变化与中国区域降水和气温的关系

利用 １９５１年到 １９９８年的月平均海温资料及同时期中国 １６０个测站的降水和气温的月平均资料,选用海温异常的变化趋势一变温,讨论了关键海区海温异常的变化与我国降水和气温的关系,旨在探讨变温因子与我国降水和气温的关系与海温距平与降水和气温的关系有什么不同,用变温因子能否降低降水预报的不确定性。结果表明：降水异常对海温异常两种变化趋势的响应不完全相同,说明分别讨论同一种海温异常态的两种变化趋势对降水的影响比单独讨论海温距平对降水的影响更有效一些,有助于降低预报的不确定性;除西太平洋海区外,气温异常对各海区海温异常两种变化趋势的响应较一致。降水异常对变温的响应与对海温异常的响应,有一致之处,也有不同之处。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE HEATING EFFECTS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND THE WESTERN PACIFIC*

A zonal domain primitive equation modeling system(ZDMS) is used to study the effects of the initial heating anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau and the western Pacific on the East Asian and the Chinese summer climate,the relative importance and the mechanisms are discussed.Results show that in spite of the different locations of the heating anomalies the influences of the two anomalyareas are much similar to each other when the scaling of the two areas is the same.The two areas of heating anomalies have their own affecting domains in which one is more important than the other.In the western Pacific the heating anomaly over the western Pacific is more evident and in the Tibetan Plateau area the heating anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau is more obvious.For the east part of China the effects of the two heating anomalies both exist and almost have the equal importance.The initial anomaly of the sea surface temperature(SST) over the western Pacific can be kept during the entire time integration while in the Tibetan Plateau it can not be maintained.     

非绝热过程对热带副热带环流和天气影响的数值预报试验

本文用p—σ混合坐标系原始方程模式,对1982年5月8日至10日的一次天气过程进行了数值预报试验。试验方案有两类,一类是湿绝热预报方案,另一类是非绝热预极方案,即模式中除考虑水汽凝结所产生的潜热外,还包含了海陆分布、地形以及不同的土壤下垫面物理特征所引起的各种非绝热物理过程。文中着重比较和讨论了非绝热加热过程对于北半球热带副热带地区环流和天气现象的影响。结果指出,非绝热物理过程对于高空温压场形势的短期影响不明显,对于低层气压形势以及风场的影响较大,对孟加拉湾及高原东部影响甚大,两种方案的风矢差变率可达到100%。忽略非绝热过程,会使青藏高原热低压大为减弱,风场的气旋性环流和辐合均大为减小,西南气流也被削弱。对于降水分布和降水量来说,忽略非绝热物理过程可使孟加拉湾地区不出现降水区,我国东南部沿海地区以及西太平洋中的降水也被减少甚至消失。