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531.
Wind erosion causes serious problems and considerable threat in most regions of the world. Vegetation on the ground has an important role in controlling wind erosion by covering soil surface and absorbing wind momentum. A set of wind tunnel experiments was performed to quantitatively examine the effect of canopy structure on wind movement. Artificial plastic vegetations with different porosity and canopy shape were introduced as the model canopy. Normalized roughness length (Z 0/H) and shear velocity ratio (R) were analyzed as a function of roughness density (λ). Experiments showed that Z 0/H increases and R decreases as λ reaches a maximum value, λ max, while the values of Z 0/H and R showed little change with λ value beyond as λ max. 相似文献
532.
We discuss the experimental results of silicon and oxygen self-diffusion coefficients in forsterite and iron-bearing olivine from the perspective of defect chemistry. Silicon diffusion is dominated by VO ··-associated VSi″″, whereas oxygen diffusion is dominated by hopping of VO ·· under anhydrous conditions, and by (OH)O · under hydrous conditions. By considering the charge neutrality condition of [(OH)O ·] = 2[VMe″] in hydrous forsterite and iron-bearing olivine, we get D Si ∝ (\(C_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}}\))1/3 and D O ∝ (\(C_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}}\))0, which explains the experimental results of water effects on oxygen and silicon self-diffusion rates (Fei et al. in Nature 498:213–215, 2013; J Geophys Res 119:7598–7606, 2014). The \(C_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}}\) dependence of creep rate in the Earth’s mantle should be close to that given by Si and O self-diffusion coefficients obtained under water unsaturated conditions. 相似文献
533.
Naotaka Tomioka Takuo Okuchi Narangoo Purevjav Jun Abe Stefanus Harjo 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(4):267-275
Hydrogen site positions and occupancy in the crystal structure of dense hydrous magnesium silicate (DHMS) phase E were determined for the first time by pulsed neutron powder diffraction. A fully deuterated pure phase E powder sample, which had space group \(R\overline{3} m\) and lattice parameters of a = 2.97065(8) Å and c = 13.9033(4) Å, was synthesized at 15 GPa and 1100 °C. Through quantitative evaluation of refined structure parameters obtained with sufficient spatial resolution and very high signal-to-background ratio, we conclude that the O–D dipoles in the refined phase E structure are tilted by 24° from the direction normal to the layers of edge-shared MgO6 octahedra (octahedral layers). The tilted dipole structure of phase E is in remarkable contrast to that of brucite, Mg(OH)2, which has dipoles exactly normal to the octahedral layer. This contrast exists because the O–Si–O bonding unique in the phase E structure connects two adjacent octahedral layers and thereby reduces the interlayer O···O distance. This shrinkage of the interlayer distance induces the tilting of the O–D dipole and also generates unique O–D···O hydrogen bonding connecting all the layers in the phase E structure. 相似文献
534.
Jingui Xu Yunqian Kuang Bo Zhang Yonggang Liu Dawei Fan Xiaodong Li Hongsen Xie 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(5):315-326
Synchrotron-based in situ angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted on a natural uvite-dominated tourmaline sample by using an external-heating diamond anvil cell at simultaneously high pressures and temperatures up to 18 GPa and 723 K, respectively. The angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction data reveal no indication of a structural phase transition over the P–T range of the current experiment in this study. The pressure–volume–temperature data were fitted by the high-temperature Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. Isothermal bulk modulus of K 0 = 96.6 (9) GPa, pressure derivative of the bulk modulus of \(K_{0}^{\prime } = 12.5 \;(4)\), thermal expansion coefficient of α 0 = 4.39 (27) × 10?5 K?1 and temperature derivative of the bulk modulus (?K/?T) P = ?0.009 (6) GPa K?1 were obtained. The axial thermoelastic properties were also obtained with K a0 = 139 (2) GPa, \(K_{a0}^{\prime }\) = 11.5 (7) and α a0 = 1.00 (11) × 10?5 K?1 for the a-axis, and K c0 = 59 (1) GPa, \(K_{c0}^{\prime }\) = 11.4 (5) and α c0 = 2.41 (24) × 10?5 K?1 for the c-axis. Both of axial compression and thermal expansion exhibit large anisotropic behavior. Thermoelastic parameters of tourmaline in this study were also compared with that of the other two ring silicates of beryl and cordierite. 相似文献
535.
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), one of the major sulfate minerals in the Earth’s crust, is expected to play a major role in sulfur recycling into the deep mantle. Here, we investigated the crystal structure and phase relation of CaSO4 up to ~90 GPa and 2300 K through a series of high-pressure experiments combined with in situ X-ray diffraction. CaSO4 forms three thermodynamically stable polymorphs: anhydrite (stable below 3 GPa), monazite-type phase (stable between 3 and ~13 GPa) and barite-type phase (stable up to at least 93 GPa). Anhydrite to monazite-type phase transition is induced by pressure even at room temperature, while monazite- to barite-type transition requires heating at least to 1500 K at ~20 GPa. The barite-type phase cannot always be quenched from high temperature and is distorted to metastable AgMnO4-type structure or another modified barite structure depending on pressure. We obtained the pressure–volume data and density of anhydrite, monazite- and barite-type phases and found that their densities are lower than those calculated from the PREM model in the studied P–T conditions. This suggests that CaSO4 is gravitationally unstable in the mantle and fluid/melt phase into which sulfur dissolves and/or sulfate–sulfide speciation may play a major role in the sulfur recycling into the deep Earth. 相似文献
536.
Gennaro Ventruti Giancarlo Della Ventura Nicola Corriero Daniele Malferrari Alessandro F. Gualtieri Umberto Susta Maria Lacalamita Emanuela Schingaro 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(8):587-595
The thermal dehydration process of fibroferrite, FeOH(SO4)·5H2O, a secondary iron-bearing hydrous sulfate, was investigated by in situ high-temperature synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (HT-XRPD), in situ high-temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HT-FTIR) and thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) combined with evolved gas mass spectrometry. The data analysis allowed the determination of the stability fields and the reaction paths for this mineral as well as characterization of its high-temperature products. Five main endothermic peaks are observed in the DTA curve collected from room T up to 800 °C. Mass spectrometry of gases evolved during thermogravimetric analysis confirms that the first four mass loss steps are due to water emission, while the fifth is due to a dehydroxylation process; the final step is due to the decomposition of the remaining sulfate ion. The temperature behavior of the different phases occurring during the heating process was analyzed, and the induced structural changes are discussed. In particular, the crystal structure of a new phase, FeOH(SO4)·4H2O, appearing at about 80 °C due to release of one interstitial H2O molecule, was solved by ab initio real-space and reciprocal-space methods. This study contributes to further understanding of the dehydration mechanism and thermal stability of secondary sulfate minerals. 相似文献
537.
Tobias Beirau William D. Nix Ulrich Bismayer Lynn A. Boatner Scott G. Isaacson Rodney C. Ewing 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(9):627-638
This study provides new insights into the relationship between radiation-dose-dependent structural damage due to natural U and Th impurities and the anisotropic mechanical properties (Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus and hardness) of zircon. Natural zircon samples from Sri Lanka (see Muarakami et al. in Am Mineral 76:1510–1532, 1991) and synthetic samples, covering a dose range of zero up to 6.8 × 1018 α-decays/g, have been studied by nanoindentation. Measurements along the [100] crystallographic direction and calculations, based on elastic stiffness constants determined by Özkan (J Appl Phys 47:4772–4779, 1976), revealed a general radiation-induced decrease in stiffness (~54 %) and hardness (~48 %) and an increase in the Poisson’s ratio (~54 %) with increasing dose. Additional indentations on selected samples along the [001] allowed one to follow the amorphization process to the point that the mechanical properties are isotropic. This work shows that the radiation-dose-dependent changes of the mechanical properties of zircon can be directly correlated with the amorphous fraction as determined by previous investigations with local and global probes (Ríos et al. in J Phys Condens Matter 12:2401–2412, 2000a; Farnan and Salje in J Appl Phys 89:2084–2090, 2001; Zhang and Salje in J Phys Condens Matter 13:3057–3071, 2001). The excellent agreement, revealed by the different methods, indicates a large influence of structural and even local phenomena on the macroscopic mechanical properties. Therefore, this study indicates the importance of acquiring better knowledge about the mechanical long-term stability of radiation-damaged materials. 相似文献
538.
运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得库鲁塔格西山口地区北塞纳尔塔格组蚀变流纹岩的形成时代为841.0±1.4Ma(MSWD=0.42), 蚀变流纹岩的发现指示塔里木北缘新元古代中期除发育大量的侵入岩外还存在火山活动。地球化学特征分析表明, 岩石富集Rb、 Ba、 K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素, 明显亏损Nb、 Ta、 P、 Ti等高场强元素。此外岩石富集Sr、 强烈亏损Y和Yb, 高的Sr/Y(>40)和(La/Yb)N(>40)比值的特征与埃达克岩类似。蚀变流纹岩Hf同位素值εHf(t)=-29~-9, Hf的二阶段模式年龄TDM2=3.43~2.24Ga, 结合岩石较低的Mg#、 Eu正异常以及强烈亏损重稀土元素的特征表明,其可能源于加厚古老基性下地壳的部分熔融。此外蚀变流纹岩低的锆石饱和温度TZr=761℃~768℃,表明源区发生部分熔融时存在外来流体的加入。结合已有区域地质资料, 初步认为蚀变流纹岩形成与塔里木北缘新元古代早、 中期洋—陆俯冲碰撞作用有关。 相似文献
539.
540.
The impact of boreal autumn SST anomalies over the South Pacific on boreal winter precipitation over East Asia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The possible mechanism behind the variability in the dipole pattern of boreal winter precipitation over East Asia is analyzed in this study. The results show that the SST anomalies(SSTAs) over the South Pacific Ocean(SPO) in boreal autumn are closely related to the variability in the dipole pattern of boreal winter precipitation over East Asia. The physical link between the boreal autumn SPO SSTAs and the boreal winter East Asian precipitation dipole pattern is shown to mainly be the seasonal persistence of the SPO SSTAs themselves. The seasonal persistence of the SPO SSTAs can memorize and transport the signal of the boreal autumn SSTAs to the following winter, and then stimulates a meridional teleconnection pattern from the SH to the NH, resulting in a meridional dipole pattern of atmospheric circulation over East Asia in boreal winter. As a major influencing factor, this dipole pattern of the atmospheric circulation can finally lead to the anomalous precipitation dipole pattern over East Asia in boreal winter. These observed physical processes are further confirmed in this study through numerical simulation. The evidence from this study, showing the impact of the SPO SSTAs in boreal autumn,not only deepens our understanding of the variability in East Asian boreal winter precipitation, but also provides a potentially useful predictor for precipitation in the region. 相似文献