雷暴云首次放电前两种非感应起电参数化方案的比较

在三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模式中分别引入两种基于不同实验室结果的非感应起电参数化方案S91和SP98, 对比分析了一次雷暴单体首次放电前, 利用两种方案模拟得到的非感应电荷转移区域、极性、量级和电荷结构的演变特征, 及其与有效液态水、温度、粒子分布和对流之间的关系。结果表明, S91中, 起电区域逐渐由高温、高有效液水区向低温、低有效液水区转移。电荷转移量快速增加, 且由以正极性为主过渡为以负极性为主。电荷结构由偶极性转变到三极性。SP98中, 淞附增长率的大值区范围较大, 霰以携带正电荷占绝对优势, 易形成反极性的电荷结构, 但有进一步转变为三极性的趋势。两种方案的共同点表现为: 电荷层较高, 位于对流区上部及雷暴移动方向前侧出流区; 正电荷转移多发生在高有效液态水(或淞附增长率)和高温区, 负电荷转移都发生在低有效液态水(或淞附增长率)和低温区; 转移电荷的正中心均位于霰的累积区中心, 负中心易出现在冰晶和霰共存区的中心。     

1997—2006年我国雷电灾情特征

该文建立了全国雷电灾害 (简称雷灾) 数据库, 对1997—2006年气象部门收集的雷灾资料进行统计分析, 给出了我国雷电灾情的时空分布特征、受损财物情况、受伤害人员情况等。资料包括32071例雷灾事件, 其中4287例雷灾造成了4488人死亡, 4320人受伤, 估计我国每年每一百万人中大约有0.53人死于雷击, 高于美国、英国。我国雷灾多发生在东部沿海地区和南部地区, 广东省最为严重, 总计上报8770例雷灾事件, 造成772人死亡和662人受伤; 当考虑人口权重时海南省、西藏自治区的雷灾人员死伤率最高。我国雷灾全年都可以发生, 夏季占全年的65%以上, 7月最高。人员伤亡雷灾和财产损失雷灾发生在13:00— 20:00(北京时) 的分别占总数的73%和62%, 16:00为峰顶。雷灾中受伤害的农民占总死伤人数的93%, 城市人员仅占7%。统计人员伤亡雷灾中的雷击地点, 最多的发生在农田, 为32%, 其次为建构筑物, 为23%, 以下依次为开阔地、水域、树下、山地等。此外还分析了雷灾中受损行业、财物等信息。     

MODIS地表温度产品与实测资料对比分析

陆面温度是研究地表和大气之间物质交换和能量交换的重要参数。本文通过NASAMODIS地表温度产品与常规资料的分析,发现利用MODIS资料反演的地表温度在山西省分布情况与实测资料基本一致,但应用MODIS资料反演的地表温度要小于实测数据。     

On bridges B(pL, qS) around triangular libration points

When μ is smaller than Routh’s critical value μ ₁ = 0.03852 . . . , two planar Lyapunov families around triangular libration points exist, with the names of long and short period families. There are periodic families which we call bridges connecting these two Lyapunov families. With μ increasing from 0 to 1, how these bridges evolve was studied. The interval (0,1) was divided into six subintervals (0, μ ₅), (μ ₅, μ ₄), (μ ₄, μ ₃), (μ ₃, μ ₂), (μ ₂, μ ₁), (μ ₁, 1), and in each subinterval the families B(pL, qS) were studied, along with the families B(qS, qS′). Especially in the interval (μ ₂, μ ₁), the conclusion that the bridges B(qS, qS′) do not exist was obtained. Connections between the short period family and the bridges B(kS, (k + 1)S) were also studied. With these studies, the structure of the web of periodic families around triangular libration points was enriched.     

Common Pb of UHP metamorphic rocks from the CCSD project (100–5000 m) suggesting decoupling between the slices within subducting continental crust and multiple thin slab exhumation

In order to understand the vertical structure of the Dabie–Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt, common Pb isotopic compositions of omphacites in eclogites and feldspars in gneisses from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) project (100–5000 m) have been investigated in this study. Samples from 0 to 800 m (unit 1) in the drilling core have moderately high radiogenic Pb isotopes with small variations of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (16.82–17.38), ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.37–15.49), and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (37.21–37.72), indicating either high µ (²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb) or high initial Pb isotope ratios of their protoliths. In contrast, the samples from 1600 to 2040 m (unit 3) and most of samples from 3200 to 5000 m (unit 5) have moderately or very unradiogenic Pb (unit 3: ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 16.05 to 16.46, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.22 to 15.29, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 36.68 to 37.48; unit 5: ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.52 to 15.69, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.15 to 15.27, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 36.48 to 37.20), indicating either low µ or low initial Pb isotope ratios of their protoliths. Pb isotopes of samples from 800 to 1600 m (unit 2) and from 2040 to 3200 m (unit 4) in the drilling core with abundant ductile shear zones are intermediate between those of units 1 and 3 or 5 and display larger variations. Pb isotopes combined with the published oxygen isotope data of the CCSD samples reveal the original positions of the five units before the Triassic continental subduction. Units 1, 3, and 5 as three UHPM rock slabs could be derived from the subducted upper continental crust, upper–middle continental crust and lower–middle continental crust, respectively. The ductile shearing zones in units 2 and 4 could be the interfaces where the detachment and decoupling took place between the upper, upper–middle and lower–middle continental crusts. The detachment between the upper slab and subducting continental lithosphere probably occurred during continental subduction, and the upper slab (unit 1) was uplifted to a shallow depth along the detachment surface by thrusting. Units 3 and 5 may be detached later from the subducted middle and lower crust and uplifted to a shallow level underneath unit 1. The low δ¹⁸O values (? 4.0 to ? 7.4‰) [Xiao, Y.-L., Zhang, Z.-M., Hoefs, J., Kerkhof, A., 2006. Ultrahigh-pressure Metamorphic Rocks from the Chinese Continental Drilling Project-II Oxygen Isotope and Fluid Inclusion Distributions through Vertical Sections. Contribution Mineral Petrology 152, 443–458.; Zhang, Z.-M., Xiao, Y.-L., Zhao, X.-D., Shi, C., 2006. Fluid-rock interaction during the continental deep subduction: oxygen isotopic profile of the main hole of the CCSD project. Acta Petrologica Sinica 22 (7), 1941–1951.] in units 2 and 4 suggest that the detachment interfaces could be developed along an ancient fault zones which were the channels of meteoric water activity during the Neoproterozoic.     

鄂东南铜绿山矿田矽卡岩型铜铁金矿床的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

鄂东南地区(斑岩-)矽卡岩型铜铁金多金属矿床是长江中下游地区金属成矿带的重要组成部分,铜绿山矿田以成矿类型齐全和矿体规模较大为特点,是鄂东南矿集区最重要的矿田.但目前对不同成矿元素的矽卡岩型铜铁金矿床的成矿时代、成岩成矿时差和构造背景的研究相对较少.本文利用Re-Os同位素定年方法对铜绿山矿田两个典型的大型铜绿山矽卡岩铜(铁金)矿床和大型鸡冠嘴矽卡岩(铜)金矿床进行了成矿时代的研究,获得了辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素年龄范围分别为(1368±19)～(1381±18) Ma和(1371±19)～(1388±19) Ma,等时线年龄分别为(1371±19) Ma和(1382±22) Ma,表明铜绿山矿田不同类型的矿床几乎同时形成;与矿田花岗闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄[(1403±18) Ma]在误差范围内基本一致,存在较短的成岩成矿时差,该成矿时代与鄂东南地区其他矿田的(斑岩-)矽卡岩型铜钼矿床和矽卡岩型铁矿床,以及长江中下游地区铜陵、安庆、九瑞矿集区(斑岩-)矽卡岩铜多金属矿床的形成时代基本一致.铜绿山矿田矽卡岩铜铁金矿床可能是在太平洋板块俯冲的撕裂或开天窗时,由于玄武质岩浆底侵和岩石圈减薄导致中国东部大规模侵入岩和成矿作用产物的形成.     

黔西南白层超基性岩墙锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成研究

文章对黔西南白层地区出露的燕山期超基性岩墙进行了单颗粒锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成研究,获得A、B两组不同的锆石年龄.A组锆石呈不规则粒状,具不完整的宽大条带,12颗锆石的 SHRIMP U-Pb年龄加权平均值为(84±1)Ma,代表了超基性岩墙的侵位年龄;锆石Hf原位分析表明,176Hf/177Hf从0.282561到0282719,εHf(84 Ma)平均为-3.61,表明岩浆源区主要以富集地幔为主,并受到部分地壳物质的混染.B组锆石晶形完整,具典型的中酸性岩浆型振荡环带,3颗锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb模式年龄为409～450 Ma.176Hf/177Hf从0282379到0282440,εHf(t)平均为-3.77,均低于A组锆石,属于捕获锆石.据此认为84 Ma左右由于华南岩石圈伸展,软流圈地幔上涌,导致岩石圈富集地幔部分熔融,熔体上升过程中与409～450 Ma左右形成的少量地壳岩石发生混染,随后快速侵位冷凝而形成基性-超基性岩墙.白层地区84 Ma的超基性岩浆活动是整个华南西部燕山晚期(80～90 Ma)岩浆活动的一部分.右江褶皱带周缘的燕山晚期岩浆活动主要与大规模的Sn、W、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn等矿床有关,但右江褶皱带内部的燕山晚期岩浆活动是否与以卡林型金矿为代表的低温热液矿床有成因上的联系,尚需更多矿床年代学资料的证实.