基于Pitzer模型预测Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-H2O溶液的密度

天然水体系的体积性质与压力、温度、组成的相关性(PVTx性质)研究在地球化学、盐湖化工等领域有广泛的应用。密度是卤水最基本的体积性质,不仅可以通过实验测定,还可以用理论模型进行预测。建立富钾卤水密度与组成、温度的关联模型有助于认识钾在复杂卤水中的富集、迁移规律。为了构建基于Pitzer离子相互作用模型的卤水密度预测方法,本文用高精度振荡管密度计测定了常压下KCl、CaCl₂纯盐溶液以及最高离子强度为11.8 mol·kg^-1的混合溶液在283~323 K下的密度,用所测得的密度通过Pitzer离子相互作用模型拟合得到多温下Pitzer单电解质参数和Pitzer混合参数。用Pitzer模型参数计算了Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-H₂O体系293~313 K的密度,计算密度值与实验值的相对偏差在±0.25%以内,计算的结果整体上要优于文献值,文献在计算中均未考虑Pitzer混合参数项。结果表明,K、Ca、Cl离子间的相互作用对于Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl-H₂O溶液的密度有显著的影响,本文获得的Pitzer参数反映了这些离子间的相互作用,可用于计算含有K、Ca、Cl离子的复杂卤水密度的预测。     

Study on the Combined Application of CFAR and Deep Learning in Ship Detection

To maintain national socio-economic development and maritime rights and interests, it is necessary to obtain the space location information of various ships. Therefore, it is important to detect the locations of ships accurately and rapidly. At present, ship detection is mainly carried out by combining satellite remote sensing imaging with constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection. However, with the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technology, remote sensing data have gradually begun to show the characteristics of “big data”; additionally, the accuracy and speed of ship detection can be improved by analysing big data, such as by deep learning. Thus, a ship detection algorithm that combines CFAR and CNN is proposed based on the CFAR global detection algorithm and image recognition with the CNN model. Compared with the multi-level CFAR algorithm that is based on multithreading, the algorithm in this paper is more suitable for application to ship detection systems.     

我国沿海地区物流效率和海洋产业集聚水平协调关系的时空格局特征分析

为促进我国物流业和海洋产业的协调可持续发展,文章综合运用中立型交叉效率模型、熵值法、耦合评价模型和重心迁移模型,选取包括区位熵在内的多层次评价指标,系统评价2008—2018年我国11个沿海地区的物流效率和海洋产业集聚水平,分析二者协调关系的时空格局特征,并提出发展建议。研究结果表明：2008—2018年我国沿海地区的物流效率和海洋产业集聚水平均呈提高趋势,但仍有较大的发展空间,且存在较大的区域差异;物流效率和海洋产业集聚水平的整体耦合协调度不断提高,并由初级协调发展到中级协调,各沿海地区的耦合协调等级从濒临失调到良好协调不等,耦合协调度重心基本呈NE-SW的迁移趋势;改善物流效率和海洋产业集聚水平的协调关系应加强物流基础设施建设、坚持陆海双向联动和促进资源要素流动。     

Fate and transport of ethanol-blended dissolved BTEX hydrocarbons: a quantitative tracing study of a sand tank experiment

To estimate the behavior of ethanol-blended dissolved BTEX hydrocarbons in groundwater, a quantitative tracing study instead of qualitative analysis was carried out by using a large sand tank, into which 2-L solution including bromide, ethanol and dissolved BTEX was injected under a controlled hydraulic condition. Mean residence time (MRT), pore volume swept by solute (V _p), retardation coefficient (R) and biodegradation rate constant (k) of injected solutes were estimated. Compared with bromide that was used as a conservative tracer, ethanol and BTEX had shorter MRT and smaller V _p with the sequence of EtOH < T < E < m/p-X < o-X < B < Br. Biodegradation was confirmed as evidenced by the consumptions of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate and sulfate, and the production of acetate. The sequence of k as EtOH > T > E > m/p-X > o-X > B was just opposite to the sequences of MRT and V _p. The relationship among above sequences implies that MRT and V _p can be used as indicators to assess in situ biodegradability of a solute. Biodegradation of a reactive solute can make its MRT shortened and V _p shrunk. In addition, the sorption of ethanol could be neglected (R = 1.0), whereas BTEX compounds were adsorbed (R = 1.04–1.15). It should be noted that biodegradation of a solute can affect the estimation of its retardation coefficient. To our knowledge, this paper provides an available route to quantitatively estimate biodegradability of a solute in groundwater.     

冻融干湿交替下灰绿板岩矿质元素释放特征及释放模型

针对宁夏中部干旱带压砂地土壤肥力下降、灰绿板岩矿质元素淋溶释放规律不明等问题,通过室内模拟灰绿板岩冻融干湿循环交替试验,采用修正的Elovich方程、抛物线方程、双常数速率方程、一级动力学方程对各矿质元素的累积释放曲线进行拟合,研究不同粒径板岩在冻融干湿循环作用下的释放动力学特征及最优动力学方程。结果表明：两种粒径灰绿板岩淋溶液中矿质元素淋溶总量随循环次数增大而增大,1 cm粒径灰绿板岩矿质元素累积淋溶总量、淋溶速率在不同循环次数下均大于3 cm粒径。灰绿板岩矿质元素淋溶释放是多因素共同控制的物理、化学过程,其释放过程可大致分为快速反应阶段和反应趋于平衡阶段;压砂地土壤中Ca、K、Mg、P元素的供给量运用修正的Elovich方程预测结果较好,抛物线方程更适用于描述S元素的释放规律。研究结果可为宁夏中部干旱带旱作农田土壤肥力调控提供决策参考。     

BDS/GPS/GLONASS组合精密单点定位模型及性能分析

针对精密单点定位中多系统融合的问题,提出BDS/GPS/GLONASS 组合PPP的函数模型及随机模型,实现了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的BDS/GPS/GLONASS 组合PPP。利用实测数据进行静态及静态模拟动态的BDS/GPS/GLONASS 组合PPP实验,结果表明:1）静态实验中,BDS PPP平均收敛时间约为80 min,水平方向精度优于3 cm,天向精度优于6 cm;GPS PPP与多系统组合PPP定位精度相当,且收敛时间与组合PPP所应用的各系统中收敛较快的单系统PPP的收敛时间相当;2）动态实验中,BDS PPP的平均收敛时间约为105 min,水平方向精度优于7 cm,天向精度优于12 cm;多系统组合PPP的精度要优于单系统PPP,且有效缩短了收敛时间。     

板块边界模型NNR-MORVEL56的研究

研究全球板块边界模型NNR-MORVEL56的建立方法,以及NNR-MORVEL56 与NNR-NUVEL1A在板块相对角速率、速率均方根方面的差异;讨论模型中引自PB2002的31个小板块对25个大板块角速率的影响,利用最新的、较全面的全球空间大地测量数据建立实测模型,与NNR-MORVEL56对比进行相关性分析,验证NNR-MORVEL56模型板块划分的合理性。提出借鉴NNR-MORVEL56边界划分方法,进行中国块体的研究。     

弱动力浅海中的悬沙输运机制:以天津港附近海域为例

根据在天津港附近海域获取的水动力和浊度数据,分析了悬沙输运特征和输运机制,结果表明:天津港附近海域受不规则半日潮控制呈低流态往复流特征,但涨潮流强于落潮流;涨潮期间底部悬沙浓度与垂线平均流速呈显著线性相关,存在显著的再悬浮作用;潮周期内的悬沙输运呈典型的不对称特征,形成向岸的净输运趋势。输运机制分析结果显示:潮泵效应(尤其是潮汐捕捉效应)是天津港附近海域悬沙输运的主要贡献项,其次是拉格朗日平流输运项,前者比后者高一个量级;垂向剪切作用最小。涨落潮期间流速与悬沙浓度的显著不对称是造成潮汐捕捉效应占主导的基本条件。在潮下带这种悬沙输运格局可能和潮间带发生的细颗粒沉积物捕集(堆积)作用有关。