Heterogeneous Saltation: Theory, Observation and Comparison

In the theory of saltation, under development since the 1940s, it is often assumed that saltation is homogeneous, i.e., saltating particles are uniform in size and follow identical trajectories. This assumption is a limitation to the development of saltation theory. In this paper, as in some other studies made since the 1980s, we are concerned with the saltation of multi-sized particles in turbulent flows, a process that we refer to as heterogeneous saltation. The theory deals with several questions, including the variation of particle size distribution with height, the entrainment rates of particles in different size ranges, and the associated profiles of saltation flux, particle momentum flux and particle concentration. It is hypothesised that saltation is dynamically similar and ‘universal’ similarity functions can be established. The similarity function for saltation flux is presented. Field observations are carried out at the southern fringe of the Takla Makan Desert in April 2002. Measurements of streamwise saltation flux of 32 particle size groups are made using a sand particle counter, together with measurements of wind speed and other atmospheric variables. These data are used to validate the saltation theory, by examining whether the observed saltation flux and particle size distribution can be reproduced. It is shown that the theory is promising in predicting these quantities.     

Indirect Indicators of Gas HydrateOccurrence within Submarine Sediments

Ｍａｄｅｕｐｏｆｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｍｅｔｈａｎｅ,ｇａｓｈｙｄｒａｔｅｓａｒｅｉｃｅ ｌｉｋｅｃｌａｔｈｒａｔｅｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓｔｈａｔｆｏｒｍｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｌｏｗｔｅｍｐｅｒａ ｔｕｒｅ (0 - 10℃ )ａｎｄｈｉｇｈｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ (>10ＭＰａ) (ＭａｘａｎｄＤｉｌｌｏｎ ,1998) .Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇ,ｔｈｅｙａｒｅａｌｓｏｃａｌｌｅｄｍｅｔｈａｎｅｈｙｄｒａｔｅｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅｍｅｔｈａｎｅｉｓａｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ .Ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓｍｅｔｈａｎｅ,…     

人工示踪沙实验的原理与进展

人工示踪沙实验是进行沉积物搬运研究的一咱独立方法,已有近５０年的发展历史。人工示踪沙实验有三种主要方法（即空间积分法、时间积扮法和连续投放法）,可用以获得活动层厚度、垂向和水平系数、输运率等定量参数,并进行不同输沙公式进行对比验证,在海底稳定性分析、港湾冲淤、工程措施影响评价等方面都有应用价值。通过加强实验的物理边界、沉积物活动层厚度、实验的时空尺度、充分混合状态、示踪沙加收率、沉积特搬运过程等方     

西沙西科1井第四系生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石学特征

从西科1井生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩心观察和岩石学特征的分析入手, 重点刻画了第四系全新-更新统乐东组生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石类型和生物礁类型.543片铸体薄片分析和214.89 m岩心观察表明: 岩石类型主要为粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和骨架灰岩, 其次为粘结灰岩、颗粒灰岩、漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩.在纵向上, 埋深0~10 m层段以颗粒灰岩为主, 埋深10~22 m层段为生物碎屑砂分布段, 埋深22.00~214.89 m层段以粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和骨架灰岩为主.生物礁类型以骨架礁为主, 造礁生物为珊瑚和少量珊瑚藻.骨架礁在埋深0~214.89 m均有发育, 丛状和块(段)状礁仅分布于埋深83~98 m.      

中国东部深层煤矿床勘查开发技术途径

在分析我国煤炭资源分布与供需矛盾的基础上,提出中国东部深层煤矿床勘查开发的主要任务是弄清煤层赋存与分布状态,寻找煤炭资源,精细查明影响矿井生产的各种地质因素和工程技术条件。根据煤炭地质勘查技术发展现状、探测能力与精度,指出深部煤炭资源勘查技术思路是"快速扫面、筛选靶区",勘查方略是"立体综合勘探,精细物探先行、深钻追踪验证",即以精细三维地震和电法勘探为先导,配合其它勘查手段。深层煤矿床勘查工作模式有3个层次,完成深部煤矿床快速精细探测的根本途径是依据煤田(井田)地质背景和勘查地质目标,选取勘查方法和探测技术,实现地质、物探、钻探与地理信息系统、计算机技术的有机结合和多成果相互验证。     

Effects of rice straw on the cell viability,photosynthesis, and growth of Microcystis aeruginosa

Rice straw is supposed to be an environment-friendly biomaterial for inhibiting the growth of harmful blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. However, its potential mechanism is not well known. To explore this mechanism, the growth, cell viability （esterase activity, membrane potential, and membrane integrity）, photosynthesis, and cell size ofM. aeruginosa were determined using flow cytometry and Phyto-PAM after exposure to rice straw extracts （RSE）. The results show that doses from 2.0 to 10.0 g/L of RSE efficiently inhibited the alga for 15 days, while the physiologic and morphologic responses of the cyanobacteria were time-dependent. RSE interfered with the cell membrane potential, cell size, and in vivo chlorophyll-a fluorescence on the first day. After 7 days of exposure, RSE was transported into the cytosol, which disrupted enzyme activity and photosynthesis. The cyanobacteria then started to repair its physiology （enzyme activity, photosynthesis） and remained viable, suggesting that rice straw act as an algistatic agent.     

净全辐射异常值的审核处理

针对近年来在省级质量控制数据R文件时净全辐射出现的问题,利用<地面自动站观测资料三级质量控制软件--省级软件>对净全辐射质量控制时数据异常原因进行举例分析,并采用人机交互方法对经质量控制后系统自动生成的疑误信息进行综合分析判断,同时结合有关规定和问题解答提出相应的处理方法,以确保净全辐射观测数据的真实、准确、可靠,进而为业务科研工作提供科学的、准确的数据.     

Atmospheric pollution indicated by trace elements in snow from the northern slope of Cho Oyu range,Himalayas

Samples collected from a 0.87 m snow pit at a high altitude site in the Cho Oyu range, Himalayas were measured for V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, major ions, oxygen stable isotopes, and microparticles were also measured to assist the interpretation of seasonal variation of trace elements. The trace elements show a distinct seasonality, i.e., higher concentrations during the non-monsoon season than those during the monsoon season. Significant correlation is observed between Ba and the other trace elements. Crustal enrichment factor (EF_c) analysis indicates that V, Mn, Co, Ni, Rb, Sr, and Th originate mainly from crustal dust, while anthropogenic inputs make an important contribution to the other trace elements (i.e., Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ti, Pb, Bi, and U). Evidence from air mass back trajectories suggests that atmospheric trace element pollution reaching the studied area is transported dominantly by Indian summer monsoon during the monsoon season, while it is transported mainly by the westerlies during the non-monsoon season.     

近25a重庆地区小时降水时空分布特征分析

利用重庆34个自动站1991—2015年逐小时降水资料,分别从降水比率、强降水占比、强降水频次、强降水事件、极大强降水及极端强降水阈值等方面分析了重庆时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)降水比率、强降水占比、强降水频次、强降水事件、极大强降水及极端强降水阈值在空间分布上具有一致性,高值区主要分布在东南部与西部,低值区主要位于东北部与中部。(2)降水比率、强降水占比、强降水频次及极大强降水在年变化上表现出波动起伏特征,且降水比率相对变化幅度较小,后三者表现出同相位的变化特点。在月变化上,降水比率呈双峰特征,后三者一致呈单峰特征。在日变化上,强降水高频次主要出现在03—05时,低频次主要是13—15时。(3)在强降水事件持续性上,强降水事件持续时间及其降水开始至最强降水时间的空间分布一致:高值区主要集中在东北部与东南部,而低值区主要分布在中部与西部。总体上看,持续时间越长,产生最强降水的时间越延后,且持续时间长的强降水事件主要产生在23时至次日04时。(4)第99、99.5、99.9百分位阈值与广义极值(GEV)分布函数5、10、20、50、100 a重现期阈值及极大强降水观测值在空间分布上与强降水具有一致性。