南海西北部珊瑚礁记录所反映的新构造运动*

珊瑚礁是发育于热带海洋环境中由生物作用和地质作用共同形成的地质体,具有独特的新构造运动意义。南海西北部珊瑚礁记录所反映的新构造运动主要有火山活动、地壳升降运动和地震活动等。珊瑚礁区第四纪火山活跃,到现代已停止活动,部分火山构成珊瑚礁的基座,个别出露海面为火山岛;地壳升降运动差异较大,雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁呈上升趋势,上升率为0.02~0.05mm/a;西沙群岛等岛礁地壳运动则呈下降趋势,下降率为-0.07~-0.10mm/a,岛礁中的造礁石珊瑚生长率、礁顶和灰沙岛的堆积率均相当于或大于地壳下降率与现代海平面上升率的总和;南海西北部珊瑚礁区内地震活动较强,尤其是1994年12月31日和1995年1月10日在雷州半岛西南部海域发生了6.1级和6.2 级地震,这两次地震对该区珊瑚礁的发育有较大的影响。     

西大滩地区光合有效辐射的基本特征

利用青藏高原多年冻土北界西大滩地区2005年度的辐射及气象观测资料,分析探讨了该地区光合有效辐射(PAR)的基本特征.结果显示:PAR日变化与总辐射(Q)日变化趋势一致,表现为中午大,早晚小;晴天的日变化曲线呈单峰型,变化相对比较平滑,阴天的日变化曲线不稳定,晴天的PAR大于阴天日.PAR具有明显的季节变化特征,表现为春夏季大,秋季次之,冬季最小,最大值出现在5月,最小值出现在12月.光合有效辐射系数ηQ值阴天大,晴天小;ηQ的日变化是中午小,早晚大,年变化呈双峰型,在1.75~1.96 mol.MJ-1之间变化,年平均值为1.88 mol.MJ-1.最后,提出了适合本地区PAR的气候学计算方法.     

煤层气径向钻井压耗计算与井口压力预测

对煤层气径向钻井过程中钻井管柱系统压耗和高压水射流破岩机理进行分析,列出了钻井管柱系统各部分磨阻系数的计算公式和喷嘴射流动力公式。通过理论分析与室内试验,提出了煤的水力冲击破碎压力与其物理力学参数之间的关系式,以及水力冲蚀速度与无因次冲击压力之间的关系。结果表明：通过加权平均值法计算得到的临界破碎压力与实际值吻合良好;在3~8倍临界破碎压力下,冲蚀速度约为无因次冲击压力的0.4倍。根据文中压力预测步骤,对现场作业进行压力预测,得到的井口压力预测结果比实际施工压力低3~5 MPa。     

玉树地震前的地下流体观测井温度数据超差异常及其与地震关系研究

本文收集整理了距2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震震中700km范围内的全部13个地下流体观测井孔的温度观测资料,统计分析了2008年5月以来各井温度当月超过3倍均方差的数据个数(以下简称月超差个数).结果发现,在玉树地震前6个月,13个观测井中有10个井观测数据出现月超差个数升高现象,有4个观测井月超差个数出现了同震升高和震后升高现象.2008、2009年大柴旦发生的2次6级以上地震前,也有类似现象.此异常现象可能反映了玉树地震前场兆和源兆的共同作用过程.     

Estimated reproductive success of brooders and heritability of growth traits for large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) using microsatellites

We estimated the reproductive success of adult brood fish and the heritability of growth-related traits for large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). We created two independent full-factorial cross groups (1 and 2) by crossing 4 males×4 females and 4 males×3 females, respectively. We measured the body weight (BW), body length (BL), and body height (BH) of 281 individuals from group 1 and 318 individuals from group 2 at 20 months post hatch (harvest age). We also collected a tissue sample from each individual. The parents and offspring were genotyped using six polymorphic microsatellites. Of the 599 offspring, 99.2% were assigned to a single pair of parents. In both groups, some parent pairs produced a large number of offsprings while other pairs did not produce any offspring. The genetic diversity and putative Ne were lower in the offsprings than in the parents in both groups. The heritability estimates at 20-month age were 0.13±0.10 for BW, 0.19±0.13 for BL, and 0.09±0.06 for BH. The genetic and phenotype correlation between BW, BL, and BH was close to 1. The results provide basic information for selective breeding and further genetic characterization of large yellow croaker.     

南极冰盖与中国风尘堆积

通过南极冰盖消长和风尘堆积物的气候事件对比,说明在4.3—2.5 Ma B.P,间南极冰盖增长和北极冰盖发展,中国第三纪风尘红壤土沉积可能是中国东部季风气候雏形形成的反映。2.6Ma以来,随着北极冰盖的迅速扩展,中国内陆进一步干旱化并促成黄土堆积。南极极锋带北移与黄土区极寒等事件的发生具有同步性,据此建立极寒事件的序列,可能反映大气环流强度变化情况。南极东方站冰岩芯气候曲线说明,黄土高原晚更新世以来的干冷期可能形成于0.115Ma B.P.。我国东部地区转暖大致发生在13000aB.P.,此后不久可能出现欧洲新仙女木寒冷事件。此外,大约在40000aB.P.可能有一寒冷事件。     

Correlation analysis between drought indices and terrestrial water storage from 2002 to 2015 in China

Drought monitoring is a key topic in environmental monitoring and assessment although there is still a need to determine the correlation between drought monitoring indices and remote sensing products. We analyzed the correlation between the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (sc_PDSI), the Standardized Precipitation Index and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and terrestrial water storage monitored through the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) on a monthly timescale from 2002 to 2015 in China. As a consequence of anomalies in the soil water budget, the highly significant correlation between the sc_PDSI and the GRACE satellite-observed terrestrial water storage suggested that these two datasets are the most suitable for use in monitoring droughts. In comparing the three drought indices, the sc_PDSI was introduced as a means of drought monitoring in the Yangtze, Pearl, Huaihe, Southeast and Songhua River Basins, whereas the SPEI was found to be more applicable to other major river basins, such as the Inland River Basin. These diverse spatial behaviors are caused by the differences between the hydrological droughts characterized by these three drought indices.     

蒙新高原岱海夏季叶绿素a浓度空间分布及影响因子

基于2019年夏季(8月)对岱海水样的实测数据分析,通过运用克里金插值、相关性分析、多元线性逐步回归、主成分分析方法,探究了叶绿素a(Chl.a)的空间分布特征及其与水环境因子的相关关系,并讨论了相应的防治措施。研究显示:Chl.a空间分布呈现由岸边向湖心递减的趋势,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、正磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)空间分布特征与Chl.a空间分布特征相近,采样期内岱海湖局部区域水质状况已达到富营养状态;Chl.a与浊度(Turbidity)、TP、TN、悬浮物(SS)、pH、NO^-₃-N、NH₃-N、PO^3-₄-P、蓝绿藻丰度(CYANO)呈极显著正相关,与溶解氧(DO)呈显著负相关,与电导率(Cond.)呈正相关、与氮磷比(TN/TP)呈负相关;各湖区Chl.a与环境因子相关关系不同,全湖逐步线性回归方程为Y_Chl.a=-21.42+8.658X_pH-0.865X_DO+0.779X_NH3-N+0.699X_Turbidity+0.502X_CYANO;岱海不同湖区因子对Chl.a浓度的影响存在差异,各湖区Chl.a与环境因子相关关系不同,通过岱海与我国其他湖泊Chl.a与环境因子的相关性关系对比分析,湖泊地理属性差异及营养物质输入浓度是影响Chl.a变化的重要因素;本研究岱海的TN/TP平均值为12.23,说明夏季岱海湖Chl.a变化为氮磷共同限制。     

Effect of nano-MgO on mechanical performance of cement stabilized silty clay

Abstract

A series of direct shear tests were performed on cement-admixed silty clay to investigate the effect of cement content and nano-magnesia (MgO) on its shear strength properties. For each normal stress, shear strength increased with cement content. However, an obvious increment in shear strength was achieved when the cement content was adjusted from 13% to 17%. Both cohesion and friction angle of cemented soil increased with cement content, and exponential function was adopted to correlate both the factors with cement content. For cement content of 10% investigated in this study, the optimum nano-MgO content was 10‰, wherein the cohesion could reach the peak value. The microstructure of the mixture revealed that the structure of the mixture was compacted for the optimum nano-MgO content. However, micro-cracks were formed when the amount of nano-MgO exceeded its optimum content.     

一些有机物对Ph、Zn、Cu迁移与沉积作用的实验研究

根据一些有机物在成矿溶液中存在的可能性,作者相继就中性、酸性与碱性氨基酸,以及酒石酸在铅、锌、铜迁移与沉积过程中的作用,进行了模拟实验研究。结果表明,在从９０～２１０℃范围内,酸性氨基酸在热卤水中的存在,比中性和碱性氨基酸更有利于铅、锌、铜的活化、迁移。而酒石酸在热卤水中的存在,只在９０℃或更低时,才是铅、锌等金属活化、迁移的最佳温度条件。且无论哪种有机物在热卤水中的存在,随作用时间及温度的变化,不同金属的活化、迁移明显不同。这表明,金属与氨基酸或其它有机物形成的易溶络合物,其稳定性不仅与金属、氨基酸等有机物的种类有关,而且还受温度的显著影响。