Simulation Study on High Energy Cosmic Electron Detection by Shower Image

Many projects have recently been carried out and proposed for observing high energy electrons since it is realized that cosmic ray electrons are very important when study-ing the dark matter particles and the acceleration mechanism of cosmic rays. An imaging calorimeter,BETS (Balloon-borne Electron Telescope with Scintillator fiber),has been de-veloped for this purpose. Using pattern analysis of the shower development,the electrons can be selected from those primary cosmic ray proton events with flux heights one-tenth that of the electrons. The Monte-Carlo simulation is indispensable for the instrument design,the sig-nal trigger and the data analysis. We present different shower simulation codes and compare the simulation results with the beam test and the flight data of BETS. We conclude that the code FLUKA2002 gives the most consistent results with the experimental data.     

���ʻ���̽��ƻ���չ���й������������������ƻ��о�

??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????SGG-Doppler??VLBI???????????????????????????й???????????????????????????????SGG-Doppler-VLBI????????????????????????     

西藏洞错晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩: 岩石圈拆沉的产物

班公湖-怒江缝合带是国内外备受关注的特提斯构造域的重要组成部分,可为恢复和反演特提斯洋构造演化提供重要依据。对南羌塘地块南缘洞错地区晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩进行了详细的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和Lu-Hf同位素研究。锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素研究结果显示,该花岗闪长斑岩形成时代为74.1±1.1 Ma,εHf（t）值为4.5~6.9。全岩地球化学特征显示,其为高钾钙碱性系列,富集轻稀土元素,轻重稀土元素分馏较强,具弱负Eu异常;富集Rb、Th、U、K和Pb,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、La、Ce、P和Ti。该花岗闪长斑岩为加厚新生下地壳部分熔融的产物。在综合区域最新研究成果的基础上,认为该花岗闪长斑岩形成于后碰撞环境,为班公湖-怒江洋闭合后岩石圈拆沉的产物。     

四川九寨黄龙机场高填方地基变形三维动力分析

四川九寨黄龙机场具有高填方、高地震烈度、高海拔等三高的特点,高填方体地基在地震作用下的动力稳定与变形问题成为该机场需着重考虑的主要工程地质问题之一。在对目前各种动力分析方法研究的基础上,选用快速拉格郎日差分分析(FLAC)程序,对该机场元山子沟段高填方地基在地震作用下的变形规律进行了系统地研究,获得了一些有实际意义的认识。     

Regional debris flow susceptibility analysis based on principal component analysis and self-organizing map: a case study in Southwest China

A method was developed to analyze the susceptibilities of 541 regional basins affected by debris flows at the Wudongde Dam site in southwest China. Determining susceptibility requires information on source material quantity and occurrence frequency. However, the large number of debris flows can hinder the individual field investigation in a each small basin. Factors that may trigger debris flows can be identified using remotely sensed interpretation information. Susceptibility analysis can then be conducted based on these factors. In this study, SPOT5 satellite imagery, digital elevation models (DEM), a lithology distribution map, and rainfall monitoring data were used to identify 12 debris flow trigger factors: basin relief ratio, slope gradient in the initiation zone, drainage density, downslope curvature of the main channel, vegetation coverage, main channel aspect, topographic wetness index, Melton’s ruggedness number, lithology, annual rainfall, form factor, and cross-slope curvature of the transportation zone. Principal component analysis was used to obtain the eight principal components of these factors that contribute to susceptibility results. Then, a self-organizing map method was adopted to analyze the principal components, which resulted in a debris flow susceptibility classification. Field validation of 26 debris flow basins was used to evaluate the errors of the susceptibility classification, as well as assess the causes of such errors. The study found that principle component analysis and self-organizing map methodologies are good predictors of basin susceptibility to debris flows.