陕西老牛山印支期高Ba-Sr花岗岩成因及其构造指示意义

老牛山复式花岗岩基位于华北克拉通南缘小秦岭地区,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年结果表明,该岩基早期花岗岩--
康坪岩体形成于晚三叠世［（207.9±0.72）］Ma,是早中生代岩浆作用的产物。该岩体具有高硅、富碱、准铝的地球化学特征,
铁镁比值较高,富集LILE（尤其是Sr 和Ba）和LREE,Eu 无明显异常,相对亏损HREE 和Y,可归属为高Ba-Sr 花岗岩。但
与典型埃达克岩相比,康坪岩体Cr,Ni 等相容元素含量较低,而K2O 含量明显偏高,属高钾钙碱性系列,重稀土元素分馏
不显著。在成岩过程中,康坪岩体的地球化学行为主要受角闪石（单斜辉石）、斜长石（钾长石）以及极少量石榴子石的分
离结晶控制。元素和同位素地球化学研究表明,老牛山复式花岗岩基康坪岩体成岩物质主要来自含远洋沉积物俯冲板片析
出流体/ 熔体交代的富集地幔以及古老太华群基底物质所组成的混合源区,是大陆碰撞造山晚期后碰撞“松弛”阶段,俯冲
板片断离后下地壳底部物质发生部分熔融形成的岩浆产物。     

陕西连续GPS基准站坐标时间序列分析

对陕西省GPS连续基准站2011-01-01~2013-05-30坐标时间序列进行分析,利用区域叠加滤波分离出共模误差,滤波后站坐标时间序列N、E、U方向的平均均方根分别减小69%、60%和41%。通过谱指数计算发现,空间滤波后的时间序列含有白噪声和有色噪声;利用CATS软件对各噪声分量估计发现,垂直方向噪声分量大于水平方向;空间滤波使闪烁噪声大幅减小,部分站出现随机漫步噪声。     

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?????CORS??2?????????д?????????????????????????У???????CATS???????????????????CORS??????????????е??????????????з??????????????1??CORS??????????????в????а???????????????????2??CORS?????????????????N??E??U??????????????????????????￡????У?N??E????????????????WN+FN??U????????????????WN+FN+RWN;3???????CORS?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????     

用脱毒菜粕代替豆粕饲喂肉猪试验

用24头杂种仔猪随机分为3组,分别饲喂0、25％和50％的脱毒菜粕替代豆粕配制的日粮。结果：试验组猪的日增重分别提高3．96％和4．72％,饲料报酬分别提高3．3％和3．2％（P＞0.05）;每kg增重的饲料费分别比对照组低0．25和0．30元,每头猪多盈利31．4和38．2元。说明以一定比例的菜粕代替豆粕完全可行,经济效益显著。     

山东省地质灾害信息管理系统建设与应用

山东省地质灾害较为频繁,为实现地质灾害适时查询功能,全面提升地质灾害防治能力,避免和最大限度的减轻地质灾害给人民生命财产造成的损失,建立山东省地质灾害信息管理系统具有十分重要的意义。系统采用了SOA体系架构,文章主要从基础数据库建设方面介绍了山东省地质灾害信息管理系统的建设过程,最后展示了系统的部分应用功能。     

西北四省(区)GRAPES模式降水预报的定量评估

基于中国西北四省(区)2016—2017年的站点观测降水数据和GRAPES区域数值模式24 h和48 h预报结果,采用平均误差、均方根误差、相关系数、分等级TS评分等指标,对GRAPES区域数值模式在西北四省(区)降水预报进行定量评估。结果表明:时间上,模式对西北四省的晴雨预报准确率能达到0.7以上,逐日空间相关系数为0.2～0.4。夏季降水的偏差最大,24 h和48 h预报平均误差分别为4、6 mm·d~(-1),均方根误差分别为6、8 mm·d~(-1)。不同等级降水的24 h和48 h预报TS评分显示,各个月份小雨TS评分为0.2～0.5,中雨为0.1～0.2,大雨以上不到0.1空间上,24 h和48 h预报晴雨准确率在大部分地区达到0.6以上,相关系数在甘肃东部、陕西中部和南部超过0.6。24 h预报平均误差在青海、甘肃、陕西三省南部最大(达到2～4 mm·d~(-1)),48 h预报的平均误差比相同区域的24 h预报高出1～2 mm·d~(-1),在陕西南部平均误差最大(达到5～8 mm·d~(-1))。各个量级的24 h预报TS评分明显好于48 h,24 h预报对大雨、暴雨有所预报,48 h预报对中雨以上量级降水预报较差。     

The sources and seasonal variations of organic compounds in PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in Beijing and Shanghai

Fine aerosol samples were collected throughout spring, summer, and winter in 2004∼2005 at a major urban traffic junction (BNU) and a suburban location (MY) in Beijing and at a downtown site (SH) in Shanghai, China. Ten of the 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seven fatty acids, levoglucosan, and cholesterol were identified and quantified. PAHs detected in Beijing and Shanghai were up to one order of magnitude higher than those reported in the developed countries either in urban or suburban areas, while levoglucosan was one order of magnitude lower than that in other countries for no biomass combustion in domestic heating in the mega-cities in China. PAHs showed the same seasonal trend in all sampling sites as the highest in winter and the lowest in summer, while fatty acids no pronounced seasonal variation. A significant fraction of levoglucosan from cooking with higher concentrations in urban than in suburban area contributed to the ambient atmosphere, indicating that the main source of levoglucosan in urban environment would be cooking rather than biomass burning. The relative contributions of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust sources to PAHs in fine aerosols were preliminarily estimated to be 1:2 in Beijing and 1:1 in Shanghai, revealing that the air pollution in these mega-cities in China was mainly the mixing of coal combustion with vehicle exhaust. Cooking was one of the major sources of organic aerosols in both Beijing and Shanghai.     

Evaluation and error analysis: Kalman gain regularization versus covariance regularization

Ensemble size is critical to the efficiency and performance of the ensemble Kalman filter, but when the ensemble size is small, the Kalman gain generally cannot be well estimated. To reduce the negative effect of spurious correlations, a regularization process applied on either the covariance or the Kalman gain seems to be necessary. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the estimation errors when two regularization methods including the distance-dependent localization and the bootstrap-based screening are applied on the covariance and on the Kalman gain. The investigations were carried out through two examples: 1D linear problem without dynamics but for which the true Kalman gain can be computed and a 2D highly nonlinear reservoir fluid flow problem. The investigation resulted in three primary conclusions. First, if localizations of two covariance matrices are not consistent, the estimate of the Kalman gain will generally be poor at the observation location. The consistency condition can be difficult to apply for nonlocal observations. Second, the estimate of the Kalman gain that results from covariance regularization is generally subject to greater errors than the estimate of the Kalman gain that results from Kalman gain regularization. Third, in terms of removing spurious correlations in the estimation of spatially correlated variables, the performance of screening Kalman gain is comparable as the performance of localization methods (applied on either covariance or Kalman gain), but screening Kalman gain outperforms the localization methods in terms of generality for application, as the screening method can be used for estimating both spatially correlated and uncorrelated variables, and moreover, no assumption about the prior covariance is required for the screening method.     

内蒙古典型草原N2O研究刍议

利用中国科学院内蒙古草原生态定位研究站（ＩＭＧＥＲＳ）的气候、土壤、植被、土地利用方式和家畜等方面的资料,根据目前国际上Ｎ２Ｏ的研究进展,分析了内蒙古典型草原区影响Ｎ２Ｏ收支作用的可能控制因子,认为：（１）作为Ｎ２Ｏ主要来源的土壤,其理化性状,尤其是土壤温度、水分状况、土壤有机质和土壤结构等,是影响该地区Ｎ２Ｏ收支平衡的主要控制因子;（２）土地利用方式的改变对Ｎ２Ｏ的释放的影响还不十分清楚。草场农用与一定的耕作管理措施以及对天然草场的人为影响（割草、放牧等）是对Ｎ２Ｏ收支平衡影响的主要方面;（３）家畜排泄物,无论作为本地区的主要燃料,还是作为肥料,在典型草原区Ｎ２Ｏ的释放中起着不可忽视的作用。