概率神经网络在地震岩性反演中的应用

卧龙湖煤矿北二采区岩浆岩侵入8煤层的现象较为严重,同时该区煤层中构造煤比较发育,瓦斯富集问题较为突出。利用三维地震资料、测井曲线进行约束反演得到的波阻抗作为外部属性,并使用step-wise属性选择法确定合适数目的地震属性,利用概率神经网络技术(PNN)对该区进行孔隙度预测反演。孔隙度反演结果与波阻抗反演结果的对比表明:孔隙度较波阻抗对于识别瓦斯富集带具有更高的分辨能力;概率神经网络具有高稳定性、计算精度高等特点,可作为研究构造煤发育和瓦斯赋存的有效手段。      

Normal Alkane Distributions in Soil Samples along a Lhasa-Bharatpur Transect

We present n-alkane distributions in the soil samples along a transect from Lhasa on the Tibetan Plateau to Bharatpur in Nepal, which covers a large geographical area and a wide range of climatic conditions. These data allow us to assess the significance of n-alkane distributions in different vegetation types and their relationships to temperature and precipitation. In the tropical rainforest and broadleaved forest zones, n-alkanes exhibit a bimodal distribution pattern with dominant homologues around n-C_(31) and n-C_(23). The bimodal distribution of tropical rainforest n-alkanes may be a general pattern because of the presence of many lianas, epiphytic plants, algae and the strong microbial activity and degradation involved in the postdepositional process. In the warm-temperate mixed forest and needle-leaved forest zones, the long-chain alkanes have a pattern of n-C_(31) n-C_(33) n-C_(27). In the alpine shrub and grassland zone, although the most abundant homologue is n-C_(31) , relatively high n-C_(23) concentrations have also been observed in some samples. The statistical results show a good correlation between n-alkane proxies and climatic factors. The average chain length(ACL) values are positively correlated with precipitation and temperature across the transect. The carbon preference index(CPI) values show a negative correlation with temperature and precipitation along a Lhasa–Bharatpur transect. Although there is a positive relationship between ACL and temperature, it is difficult to separate the two climatic variables(temperature and precipitation) because they are well coupled in the monsoon region.     

苏南地区地下水化学特征及演化分析

苏南地区深层地下水禁采距今已20年,水动力场和地下水环境发生了较大变化,结合2009年和2019年两期地下水采样测试数据,综合统计分析、Piper图、Gibbs模型、氯碱指数和离子相关关系等方法分析了不同层位地下水水文地球化学及其演化特征,探讨了水化学组分的来源及形成演化。结果表明：潜水水化学类型以HCO-3—Na+·Ca2+型为主,孔隙I承压水水化学类型以HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+型为主,深层承压水以HCO-3—Na+·Ca2+型为主,不同时期各层位优势阳离子和阴离子未发生变化,水化学类型向复杂趋势演变,地下水化学组分主要受岩石风化、阳离子交换吸附作用和人类活动的影响,其中潜水和I承压水—岩作用以硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩作用为主,深层承压水以硅酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩为主。研究结果可为苏南地区地下水资源开发和管理提供科学依据。     

A sediment record of trace metal loadings in the Upper Mississippi River

Sediment cores from Lake Pepin, a natural lake on the Upper Mississippi River, reveal the historical trends in trace metal use and discharge in the watershed. Lead-210 dated concentration profiles of trace metals (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, V, Zn) in sediment cores from throughout the lake generally showed low and stable concentrations prior to settlement (circa 1830), peak concentrations between 1940 and 1975, and substantial decreases thereafter. Whole-lake sediment accumulation rates increased greatly over the period of record, from 79,000 metric tons year⁻¹ prior to 1830, to 876,000 metric tons year⁻¹ during the 1990s. Whole-lake accumulation rates of most trace metals peaked in the 1960s but decreased sharply after that. Sediment and trace metal accumulation rates decreased in the downstream direction, and approximately two-thirds of the sediment and trace metal mass accumulated in Lake Pepin since 1800 was deposited in the upper 30% (by area) of the lake. The dramatic declines in trace metal concentrations and accumulation rates in Lake Pepin sediments since 1970 coincide with increased pollution control and prevention efforts throughout the watershed, including the implementation of secondary treatment at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant upstream. This is one of eight papers dedicated to the “Recent Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi River” published in this special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. D.R. Engstrom served as guest editor of the special issue.     

波浪在珊瑚礁地形上破碎特性试验研究

对波浪在珊瑚礁地形上的传播特性进行了物理试验研究,将珊瑚礁地形简化为坡度为1∶5的陡坡(向海坡)加较长水平礁坪段的地形,对规则波和不规则波在该地形条件下的波浪破碎及波高沿程衰减进行了研究。结果表明,波高较小时,波浪破碎发生在礁坪上,但随着入射波高的增大,破碎位置逐渐向来浪方向移动,直至在向海坡段破碎。对于在礁坪上破碎的波浪,相对水深db/L0一定的条件下,破碎波高与入射波陡H0/L0相关,且变化趋势受相对水深db/L0的影响。同时给出了该地形条件下波浪破碎指标以及礁坪段破碎后沿程波高的计算公式。     

江苏常州横林地裂缝成因机理分析

江苏常州横林地裂缝1989年始发,是苏锡常地区最早被发现的地裂缝,整体沿NE向走向,落差100～500mm,裂缝带宽度50～350m,局部地裂缝分布和走向受古潜山控制.地裂缝空间上主要发育于古潜山的边缘及砂层与岩溶接触带,时间上其发展与地下水主采层水位下降速度加快、岩溶水水位低于第Ⅱ承压水水位的阶段相对应.综合分析推断...     

苏南地区地下水化学特征及演化分析

苏南地区深层地下水禁采距今已20年,水动力场和地下水环境发生了较大变化,结合2009年和2019年两期地下水采样测试数据,综合统计分析、Piper图、Gibbs模型、氯碱指数和离子相关关系等方法分析了不同层位地下水水文地球化学及其演化特征,探讨了水化学组分的来源及形成演化。结果表明：潜水水化学类型以HCO-3—Na+·Ca2+型为主,孔隙I承压水水化学类型以HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+型为主,深层承压水以HCO-3—Na+·Ca2+型为主,不同时期各层位优势阳离子和阴离子未发生变化,水化学类型向复杂趋势演变,地下水化学组分主要受岩石风化、阳离子交换吸附作用和人类活动的影响,其中潜水和I承压水—岩作用以硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩作用为主,深层承压水以硅酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩为主。研究结果可为苏南地区地下水资源开发和管理提供科学依据。     

富3He SEP事件中电子经向分布及其日面传播研究

根据ACE/ULEIS卫星数据,确定了2007-05—2010-01太阳活动极小期内的3个独立富³He太阳高能粒子(SEP)事件,并结合STEREO双星对相同事件的观测数据,研究了事件中电子的经向分布特征.结果表明:由耀斑引起的3个独立SEP事件,电子的经向分布宽度可达到130°.计算表明,携带电子传播的日面波传播速度差异显著,电子的此类经向分布很可能是由于其在日面横向扩散所致.当观测点磁力线足点位于耀斑源区东侧时,电子的日面扩散速度更快.     

Arbitrary-order Taylor series expansion-based viscoacoustic wavefield simulation in 3D vertical transversely isotropic media

Taking the anisotropy of velocity and attenuation into account, we investigate the wavefield simulation of viscoacoustic waves in 3D vertical transversely isotropic attenuating media. The viscoacoustic wave equations with the decoupled amplitude attenuation and phase dispersion are derived from the fractional Laplacian operator and using the acoustic approximation. With respect to the spatially variable fractional Laplacian operator in the formulation, we develop an effective algorithm to realize the viscoacoustic wavefield extrapolation by using the arbitrary-order Taylor series expansion. Based on the approximation, the mixed-domain fractional Laplacian operators are decoupled from the wavenumbers and fractional orders. Thus, the viscoacoustic wave propagation can be conveniently implemented by using a generalized pseudospectral method. In addition, we perform the accuracy and efficiency analyses among first-, second- and third-order Taylor series expansion pseudospectral methods with different quality factors. Considering both the accuracy and computational cost, the second-order Taylor series expansion pseudospectral method can generally satisfy the requirements for most attenuating media. Numerical modelling examples not only illustrate that our decoupled viscoacoustic wave equations can effectively describe the attenuating property of the medium, but also demonstrate the accuracy and the high robustness of our proposed schemes.