Present-day oxidative subsidence of organic soils and mitigation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta,California, USA

Subsidence of organic soils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta threatens sustainability of the California (USA) water supply system and agriculture. Land-surface elevation data were collected to assess present-day subsidence rates and evaluate rice as a land use for subsidence mitigation. To depict Delta-wide present-day rates of subsidence, the previously developed SUBCALC model was refined and calibrated using recent data for CO₂ emissions and land-surface elevation changes measured at extensometers. Land-surface elevation change data were evaluated relative to indirect estimates of subsidence and accretion using carbon and nitrogen flux data for rice cultivation. Extensometer and leveling data demonstrate seasonal variations in land-surface elevations associated with groundwater-level fluctuations and inelastic subsidence rates of 0.5–0.8 cm yr^–1. Calibration of the SUBCALC model indicated accuracy of ±0.10 cm yr^–1 where depth to groundwater, soil organic matter content and temperature are known. Regional estimates of subsidence range from <0.3 to >1.8 cm yr^–1. The primary uncertainty is the distribution of soil organic matter content which results in spatial averaging in the mapping of subsidence rates. Analysis of leveling and extensometer data in rice fields resulted in an estimated accretion rate of 0.02–0.8 cm yr^–1. These values generally agreed with indirect estimates based on carbon fluxes and nitrogen mineralization, thus preliminarily demonstrating that rice will stop or greatly reduce subsidence. Areas below elevations of –2 m are candidate areas for implementation of mitigation measures such as rice because there is active subsidence occurring at rates greater than 0.4 cm yr^–1.     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)主根周围土壤特征

通过建立米级的空间尺度进行分层取样,研究了准噶尔盆地南缘建群种——梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)主根周围土壤的含水率、容重、pH值、电导率和养分含量的变化状况。结果表明:(1)土壤含水量在表层5cm处最小,土壤容重在0~40cm土层变动幅度不大,但随着与茎基垂线距离的增加,二者出现显著变化(p0.05)。(2)土壤pH值和电导率在主根区周围呈现聚集现象,最大聚集率均在0~1m圈层,但随着距离的增加,土层深度逐渐成为主导因素。(3)土壤养分在表层5cm处聚集,但水平聚集范围中除有机质和全氮可扩增到3~4m外,全磷和速效养分均在0~2m。本研究结论对于荒漠区耐盐性植被的合理密植有一定的理论意义。     

The ionospheric eclipse factor method (IEFM) and its application to determining the ionospheric delay for GPS

A new method for modeling the ionospheric delay using global positioning system (GPS) data is proposed, called the ionospheric eclipse factor method (IEFM). It is based on establishing a concept referred to as the ionospheric eclipse factor (IEF) λ of the ionospheric pierce point (IPP) and the IEF’s influence factor (IFF) . The IEF can be used to make a relatively precise distinction between ionospheric daytime and nighttime, whereas the IFF is advantageous for describing the IEF’s variations with day, month, season and year, associated with seasonal variations of total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere. By combining λ and with the local time t of IPP, the IEFM has the ability to precisely distinguish between ionospheric daytime and nighttime, as well as efficiently combine them during different seasons or months over a year at the IPP. The IEFM-based ionospheric delay estimates are validated by combining an absolute positioning mode with several ionospheric delay correction models or algorithms, using GPS data at an international Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) service (IGS) station (WTZR). Our results indicate that the IEFM may further improve ionospheric delay modeling using GPS data.     

城乡一体化地籍联动变更规则及模型研究

分析了城乡一体化地籍要素的联动变更关系,将联动关系及联动变更关系下的变更操作表示为规则,并给出规则的执行流程,实现规则支持下的地籍变更。通过实例对提出的规则和模型进行验证。结果表明,该模型不仅可以保证地籍变更过程的拓扑和逻辑一致性,还能够提高地籍变更的自动化和智能化程度。     

100块南极格罗夫山陨石的化学-岩石类型

本文报道100块南极格罗夫山陨石的岩矿特征,以及它们的化学群和岩石类型。分类结果共发现4块特殊类型陨石,包括1块CM2型碳质球粒陨石(GRV050179),1块钙长辉长无球粒陨石(GRV051523),1块橄辉无球粒陨石(GRV 052382)和1块中铁陨石(GRV 050212)。GRV050179大部分球粒直径小于300μm,基质/球粒体积百分比为6∶1,且具有强烈的水蚀变特征,形成大量层状硅酸盐和PCP(Poor Characterized Phases)集合体。GRV 052382的橄榄石具有还原边,内部重结晶。橄榄石和辉石之间的富碳填隙物含有金刚石。GRV 050212的金属含量为12.3 vol%,其中的低钙辉石FeO/MnO质量百分比为30.0,而GRV 051523中辉石的FeO/MnO质量百分比为28.7-30.9,两者均与HED(Howardites-Eucrites-Diogenites)族陨石一致。普通球粒陨石有93块,其中5块属于非平衡型普通球粒陨石。依据橄榄石Fa的相对标准偏差(PMD)可以进一步划分这些非平衡型普通球粒陨石的亚型[1],其结果为:GRV 050165和GRV053167为3.5型,GRV050189、GRV050200和GRV050404为3.4型。88块平衡型普通球粒陨石包括低铁群(L)54块,高铁群(H)34块,与南极横贯山脉的陨石相比,L群所占比例明显偏高,且缺失LL群。另有3块小样品主要由金属和少量硅酸盐组成,其铁纹石的钴含量和橄榄石的Fa值分别落在H和L群范围。虽然这3块样品的金属含量类似铁陨石,但实际上很可能是普通球粒陨石中脱落的较大的金属团块。93块普通球粒陨石中有22块样品很新鲜(W1),金属和硫化物几乎很少遭受氧化,61块样品的金属和硫化物遭受明显氧化(W2),仅10块样品的金属和硫化物被强烈氧化(W3)。     

察尔汗盐湖察尔汗二级补给系统S3盐层晶间卤水中KCl的分异特征、富集规律及其成因

据ＫＣｌ含量的概率分布特征,晶间卤水分为７个总体。晶间卤水ＫＣｌ,在三级系统内水平分异有２种、剖面分异有５种,二级系统内水平分异呈环带状、剖面分异形式为三级系统内分异形式的组合,垂直分异有１３种;富集的总体为Ⅳ（ｋｃｌ）、Ⅲ（ｋｃｌ）用Ｖ（ｋｃｌ）、三级系统为（８）和（１０）号、部位为固相钾高含处;分异及富集的成因主要为晶间卤水的阶段性淡化。     

Impact of anthropogenic drivers on subaqueous topographical change in the Datong to Xuliujing reach of the Yangtze River

Changes of subaqueous topography in shallow offshore water pose safety risks for embankments,navigation,and ports.This study conducted measurements of subaqueous topography between Datong and Xuliujing in the Yangtze River using a Sea Bat 7125 multi-beam echo sounder,and the channel change from 1998 to 2013 was calculated using historical bathymetry data.The study revealed several important results:(1)the overall pattern of changes through the studied stretch of the river was erosion–deposition–erosion.Erosion with a volume 700×10~6m~3occurred in the upper reach,deposition of about 204×10~6m~3occurred in the middle reach,and erosion of about 602×10~6m~3occurred in the lower reach.(2)Dunes are the most common microtopographic feature,accounting for 64.3%of the Datong to Xuliujing reach,followed by erosional topography and flat river topography,accounting for 27.6%and 6.6%,respectively.(3)Human activities have a direct impact on the development of the microtopography.For instance,the mining of sand formed holes on the surface of dunes with lengths of 20–35 m and depths of 3–5 m.We concluded that the overall trend of erosion(net erosion volume of 468×10~6m~3)occurred in the study area mainly because of the decreased sediment discharge following the closure of the Three Gorges Dam.However,other human activities were also impact factors of topographic change.Use of embankments and channel management reduced channel width,restricted river meandering,and exacerbated the erosion phenomenon.     

Experimental study on the energy dissipation characteristics of debris flow deceleration baffles

Debris flow can cause serious damages to roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures.Arranging several rows of deceleration baffles in the significant influence on the mobility and deposition characteristic of debris flow. The deposit amount first increased then decreased when the flow density rises,flow path can reduce the flow velocity and ensure better protection of life and property. In debris flow prevention projects, deceleration baffles can effectively reduce the erosion of the debris flow and prolong the running time of the drainage channel.This study investigated the degree to which a 6 m long flume and three rows of deceleration baffles reduce the debris flow velocity and affect the energy dissipation characteristics. The influential variables include channel slope, debris flow density, and spacing between baffle rows. The experimental results demonstrated that the typical flow pattern was a sudden increase in flow depth and vertical proliferation when debris flow flows through the baffles. Strong turbulence between debris flow and baffles can contribute to energy dissipation and decrease the kinematic velocity considerably. The results showed that the reduction ratio of velocity increased with the increase in debris flow density,channel slope and spacing between rows. Tests phenomena also indicated that debris flow density hasand the deposit amount of debris flow density of 1500kg/m~3 reached the maximum when the experimental flume slope is 12°.     

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Mapping daily temperature and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains of northwest China

Daily meteorological data are the critical inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models. This study modified mountain microclimate simulation model （MTCLIM） with the data from 19 weather stations, and compared and validated two methods （the MTCLIM and the modified MTCLIM） in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China to estimate daily temperature （i.e., maximum temperature, minimum temperature） and precipitation at six weather stations from i January 2000 to 31December 2009. The algorithm of temperature in modified MTCLIM was improved by constructing the daily linear regression relationship between temperature and elevation, aspect and location information. There are two steps to modify the MTCLIM to predict daily precipitation： firstly, the linear regression relationship was built between annual average precipitation and elevation, location, and vegetation index; secondly, the distance weight for measuring the contribution of each weather station on target point was improved by average wind direction during the rainy season. Several regression analysis and goodness-of-fit indices （i.e., Pearson＇s correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, root-mean-square error and modelingefficiency） were used to validate these estimated values. The result showed that the modified MTCLIM had a better performance than the MTCLIM. Therefore, the modified MTCLIM was used to map daily meteorological data in the study area from 2000 to 2009. These results were validated using weather stations with short time data and the predicted accuracy was acceptable. The meteorological data mapped could become inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models applied in the Qilian Mountains.