尼泊尔8.1级地震建筑物震害遥感提取与分析

2015年4月25日尼泊尔发生的8.1级地震,造成重大人员伤亡与经济损失。在地震前、后灾区高分遥感影像分析处理基础上,结合现场实地调查,对灾区房屋建筑及其震害程度进行了遥感解译,编制了地震灾区房屋建筑震害分布图。结果分析表明:尼泊尔地震灾区影像上显示的建筑物震害分布与该区域房屋结构类型、主余震位置和区域活动构造分布密切相关。其中,房屋较为严重倒塌区域主要分布在8.1级主震和7.5级余震震中附近,但这两个区域并没有相连;居民点建筑物个别倒塌的居民地则连成一个区域。影像上显示的建筑物倒塌区域,与多数8级巨大地震比较,总体上极震区震害偏轻,但在南南西(垂直于破裂方向)上展布较宽。这一特征与引发该地震的印度与欧亚大陆板块边缘活动断裂在深部呈近似于平行地表的低角度断层面破裂引起的地震动能量在地表相对较宽而低的分布特征是一致的。     

汶川震区狭陡型泥石流典型特征与防治

汶川MS 8.0强震发生6年来,震区暴发了数量众多、类型多样的泥石流灾害,其中一类可总结为"狭陡型泥石流",其特征指标及防治对策与震前常规泥石流存在显著差异,给灾后重建和灾害防治技术提出了新的命题。在对(极)重灾区泥石流活跃的五大片区(汶川、都江堰、绵竹、北川、安县)进行大量现场调查和资料分析的基础上,提出了强震区狭陡型泥石流的概念并给出定义,提炼了其在形成、活动及危害等方面的典型特征;通过工程实践,分析了其独特的治理难点及相应的防治对策,介绍了几项极具适应性和有效性的防治新技术,可为强震扰动区泥石流治理研究和工程设计提供一类新的思路和借鉴。     

西安地区S4古土壤剖面中古水分指标与水环境研究

通过野外调查和实验分析,在西安蓝田安村黄土剖面S_4古土壤剖面中发现了具有指示当时土壤水分含量、地下水富集和水分循环的铁锰结核、针铁矿[α-FeO(OH)],在西安地区确定了风化淋滤黄土层和显著迁出了土壤黏化层的CaCO_3结核淀积层。针铁矿呈褐黄色薄膜分布于土体表面,含量可达3.3%。铁锰结核呈黑褐色球形,电镜下多呈结晶粒状,铁锰成分含量很高。针铁矿和铁锰结核富集层厚0.6m,形成于紧靠地下水的位置。通过研究提出了铁锰结核和风化淋滤黄土层及CaCO_3结核淀积层可作为恢复土壤古水分含量的重要指标。针铁矿、铁锰结核和风化淋滤黄土层的形成以及CaCO_3结核与红色铁质胶膜的迁移深度指示,在S_4古土壤发育时期,西安地区为亚热带气候,当时年平均气温为15~16℃,年平均降水量在900~1000mm之间。那时秦岭失去了亚热带与温带气候分界线的作用。在S_4古土壤发育时期,西安地区土壤重力水分布深度达到了3.3m,当时土壤水在经过蒸发与蒸腾消耗之后,3.3m深度范围内剩余的土壤平均含水量一般为25%左右,在针铁矿和与铁锰结核发育层位含水量接近饱和(50%左右)。当时土壤水分非常充足,水分循环正常,水分平衡为正,有较多水分补给地下水,适于茂盛森林植被发育。本文所确定的古含水量指标为国内外第四纪土壤含水量、水分存在形式与水循环研究提供了标准和方法。     

Analysis of social vulnerability of residential community to hazards in Tianjin,China

Flood management consists many aspects such as hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment, exposure assessment, risk assessment, early warning system, damage assessment as well as risk mitigation planning. Conventional flood management are depending on the ground based monitoring of rainfall and river discharge. Many parts of the world are not covered by these sensor networks in one hand and these ground based systems are costly. Most of the tropical countries have high flood risk and low financial and institutional capacity to afford ground based system. While conventional flood management is time and cost intensive, spaceborne remote sensing provides timely and low-cost data in comparison to field observation, and is the obvious choice for most developing countries affected by flooding. Many aspects of flood management are being aided with the advancement of remote sensing technology. More precise and near real time flood detection, lead time in flood early warning system, accurate and advance inputs of hydrological models are now blessed by space technology. Many methods and approaches have been developed to overcome the constrains in the application of spaceborne remote sensing in flood management. Application of satellite remote sensing in flood hazard assessment is well documented, however, the application of space technology in other aspects of the flood management is also promising. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the applicability of spaceborne remote sensing and in most of the aspects in flood management.

     

Variational Laws of Debris Flow Impact Force on the Check Dam Surface Based on Orthogonal Experiment Design

Debris flow impact force is an important factor for controlling structural damage, and it is the key factor for engineering design and risk assessment. Variation laws of debris flow impact force play an important role in preventing check dam impact damage and providing technology, data and support for check dam construction. Many influencing factors exist in debris flow impact force with different influencing magnitudes. The three main factors, i.e. the debris flow bulk density, the drainage channel slope and the upstream surface gradient of the check dam, were selected to be analyzed. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influencing degree of the three factors. Three levels were set for each factor and nine text schemes were established based on the theory of orthogonal experimental design. What is more, the related miniaturized flume experiment was carried out to measure impact force of debris flow. Finally, taking the impact force mean values of key point as the evaluation index, the flume experiment results were analyzed in detail by extreme difference analysis and variance analysis. Research results indicate: among the three factors, the drainage channel slope has the most significant influence, the upstream surface gradient of the check dam is in the second place and the debris flow slurry density is the third. The form of impact force mean with the maximum value: the drainage channel slope is 15°, the debris flow bulk density is 18.1 kN/m³ and the upstream surface gradient of the check dam is 1:0.     

化学分析中雪冰样品采集和预处理应注意的问题

雪冰是重建过去时段甚至几十万年尺度气候环境状况的重要载体,其环境记录成为反演气候环境变化的重要依据。雪冰化学分析是实现这一目标的重要手段,其中雪冰样品的采集、运输及冰芯样品的提取和分割等过程是研究冰雪环境记录的关键环节。鉴于此,就上述过程的注意事项做了详细的阐述,并针对目前常规冰融系统中存在ICP-SMS样品颗粒溶解不完全、微量元素不精确等问题,引入了连续融解离散采样（CMDS）方法。     

基于EnKF综合水头和浓度观测数据推估地下水流模型参数

地下水反应运移模型具有参数个数众多,观测数据类型多样的特点。为了探究不同类型观测数据在反应运移模拟数据同化中的数据价值,构建了三氯乙烯降解反应运移模型的理想算例,基于水头和浓度两种类型观测数据,采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法推估渗透系数和贮水系数的非均质空间分布,讨论了影响同化结果的因素。结果表明:与仅同化水头数据的结果相比,联合同化水头和浓度观测数据推估渗透系数场和贮水系数场时具有更高的精度,在观测数据拟合和模型预测方面也有更好的表现。与目前溶质运移模型、非饱和流模型等地下水模型中的研究结果相似,数据同化结果受样本数量,观测井的数量和位置的影响,合理优化布置监测井和选择样本数量可有效改善数据同化效果并提高计算效率。     

改革开放以来山东省区域经济增长趋同与差异

长期以来,山东省东西部地区差距显著,堪称我国区域差异的一个缩影.在检验σ趋同和建立绝对β趋同经典回归模型的基础上,研究发现山东省改革开放以来区域经济增长经历了"趋同(1978-1983)-趋异(1984-2004)-趋同(2005-2008)"的变化过程,特别是在较长时期的趋异后2005年以来转为趋同值得关注;进而使用灰色关联分析和计量经济学模型对影响区域经济增长的制度变量进行探讨,在引入初始人力资本、劳动力和资本投入、工业化进程、产权制度改革、政府活动等初始变量和控制因素后,存在条件β趋同,其中人力资本禀赋和非国有化进程对山东区域经济增长的影响最为突出,劳动力市场表现和政府财政活动的影响不显著.这些结论为缩小区域差距提供决策依据.     

"5·12"汶川地震堰塞湖应急处置措施的讨论——以唐家山堰塞湖为例

堰塞湖是地震诱发的次生灾害类型之一.唐家山堰塞湖是"5·12"汶川地震造成的规模最大、潜在威胁最严重的堰塞湖,水利部组织了唐家山堰塞湖应急处置,成功降低了该堰塞湖风险,未造成新的人员伤亡.从该堰塞湖溢流的流量过程曲线和对北川县城的影响来看,还有值得改进的地方.经初步分析,提出改进措施:1.变梯形过流断面为复式断面;2.增大设计纵比降;3.保护泄流槽的进、出口,控制沟道下切速度;4.抛掷人工结构体控制沟床下切速度.为了避免自然排泄的不利影响,提出"人工可控排泄"处理堰塞湖.希望这些措施在以后类似堰塞湖应急处置中能够被参考,最大限度减少灾害损失,减少防灾减灾的社会、经济成本.     

基于小波变换与小波包变换的降噪方法比较

在模拟地震记录信号中加入信噪比为17的高斯白噪声,然后分别采用小波降噪和小波包降噪方法,对含噪信号进行降噪处理。在不同降噪阈值下,比较降噪后信号的信噪比。结果表明:在同一降噪阈值下,小波包降噪后信号的信噪比高于小波降噪后信号的信噪比,而且采用wbmpen方法给定的阈值明显可以提高降噪后信号的信噪比。