淤泥质土固结过程孔压及变形规律研究

对深入了解土在外荷作用下的孔隙水压力与变形变化规律对研究土的排水固结机理具有重要意义。对黄石地区淤泥质土进行分级加荷与一次性加荷的各向等压固结试验及单向固结试验,分析全过程孔压与变形的变化规律,结果表明：两种加荷方式孔压消散的规律并不相同,当孔压降到相应某临界值以下时,固结过程会变得缓慢,即使在较大的外荷载作用下,土中孔压反映也远不如加载初期明显。固结排水过程具有阶段性,这主要是自由水与孔隙水排水速度变化所引起的。黄石淤泥质土的主固结时间总体在5-100min范围内,当固结压力接近先期固结压力时固结系数最小,而次固结系数约为最大值。     

Nitrous oxide (N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O) emissions from a mesotrophic reservoir on the Wujiang River,southwest China

Aquatic ecosystems have been identified as a globally significant source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) due to continuous active nitrogen involvement, but the processes and influencing factors that control N₂O production are still poorly understood, especially in reservoirs. For that, monthly N₂O variations were monitored in Dongfeng reservoir (DFR) with a mesotrophic condition. The dissolved N₂O concentration in DFR displayed a distinct spatial–temporal pattern but lower than that in the eutrophic reservoirs. During the whole sampling year, N₂O saturation ranging from 144% to 640%, indicating that reservoir acted as source of atmospheric N₂O. N₂O production is induced by the introduction of nitrogen (NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺) in mesotrophic reservoirs, and is also affected by oxygen level and water temperature. Nitrification was the predominate process for N₂O production in DFR due to well-oxygenated longitudinal water layers. Mean values of estimated N₂O flux from the air–water interface averaged 0.19 µmol m^?2 h^?1 with a range of 0.01–0.61 µmol m^?2 h^?1. DFR exhibited less N₂O emission flux than that reported in a nearby eutrophic reservoir, but still acted as a moderate N₂O source compared with other reservoirs and lakes worldwide. Annual emissions from the water–air interface of DFR were estimated to be 0.32 × 10⁵ mol N–N₂O, while N₂O degassing from releasing water behind the dam during power generation was nearly five times greater. Hence, N₂O degassing behind the dam should be taken into account for estimation of N₂O emissions from artificial reservoirs, an omission that historically has probably resulted in underestimates. IPCC methodology should consider more specifically N₂O emission estimation in aquatic ecosystems, especially in reservoirs, the default EF5 model will lead to an overestimation.     

台湾岛及其邻近区域弧-陆碰撞带现今地壳形变特征研究

<正>菲律宾海板块与欧亚大陆板块之间的弧-陆碰撞带是一个构造形式复杂的汇聚型板块边界带,是西太平洋构造域现今火山、地震活动最活跃的地区。菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块的相互作用以俯冲为主兼有碰撞,影响了我国大陆边缘乃至整个板块内部动力学过程和应力分布。该弧-陆碰撞带现今的地壳形变与地震活动性是地学界研究的热点。     

青海省祁连县山阴凹槽海相火山岩型锌铜矿床地球化学特征及其成因意义

祁连县山阴凹槽锌铜矿是中国一个典型的铜多金属成矿区,但总体研究程度较低,目前尚未见到地球化学研究报道。笔者结合矿床地质探讨火山岩主微量元素、稀土元素特征,矿床硫-铅同位素组成与成因。成矿火山岩SiO2（46.96%~53.85%）、TiO2（0.90%~2.02%）质量分数较高,岩石以轻微富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、Ba、K）、相对亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）和Eu轻微正异常、Ce轻微负异常为特征,具有岛弧拉斑玄武岩和N-MORB的双重地球化学特征。火山岩岩浆来源于被俯冲流体交代的亏损地幔,形成环境为弧后盆地扩张环境。锌铜矿化的诸多因素,包括物质来源、容矿围岩和矿液通道等都与火山岩有关,锌矿主要赋存于硅化大理岩中,铜矿主要赋存于大理岩与片理化玄武岩接触带。     

鲁豫交界地区深井水位持续大幅度下降原因分析

鲁豫交界地区豫01、11井和鲁27井等3口地震观测深井的水位于2006年后出现了准同步的异常下降变化,下降幅度3 ～12m不等.经调查落实,发现该地区近年来地热开采活动日益增强,开采量逐年增大,并且开采层与异常井水位观测层同属于奥陶系热储层.为此,本文依据聊城-兰考断裂带附近区域的水文地质构造特征,建立了三维地下水流动模型,基于周边地热开采量数据和相关含水层参数,运用有限差分方法计算了地热开采所引起的区域水位降落漏斗,并分析了水位下降异常的时间演化和空间分布特征.结果显示,聊城-兰考断裂带附近区域自1995年开始地热开采活动以来,其逐年增加的地热开采量与地震观测井水位的下降幅度之间存在较好的对应关系,分析认为鲁豫交界地区3口深井水位的准同步异常下降与周边地热开采活动有关.     

Extraction and spatiotemporal evolution analysis of tidal flats in the Bohai Rim during 1984-2019 based on remote sensing

Tidal flats, a precious resource that provides ecological services and land space for coastal zones, are facing threats from human activities and climate change. In this study, a robust decision tree for tidal flat extraction was developed to analyse spatiotemporal variations in the Bohai Rim region during 1984-2019 based on 9539 Landsat TM/OLI surface reflection images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. The area of tidal flats significantly fluctuated downwards from 3551.22 to 1712.36 km² in the Bohai Rim region during 1984-2019, and 51.31% of tidal flats were distributed near the Yellow River Delta and Liaohe River Delta during 2017-2019. There occurred a drastic spatial transition of tidal flats with coastline migration towards the ocean. Low-stability tidal flats were mainly distributed in reclamation regions, deltas, and bays near the estuary during 1984-2019. The main factors of tidal flat evolution in the Bohai Rim region included the direct impact of land cover changes in reclamation regions, the continuous impact of a weakening sediment supply, and the potential impact of a deteriorating sediment storage capability. The extraction process and maps herein could provide a reference for the sustainable development and conservation of coastal resources.     

Erratum to: Understanding and building upon pioneering work of Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 laureates Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann: From greenhouse effect to Earth system science and beyond

Science China Earth Sciences -     

基于PCA法矢估计的建筑点云立面边界提取

针对建筑物点云在工程应用中存在大量数据不产生作用,只需保留建筑边界点云的问题,本文提出一种基于主成分分析法向量估计的建筑点云立面边界提取方法.该方法首先采样统计离群值去除算法对点云数据进行滤波去噪,然后采用主成分分析法估计样点表面的法线方向,最后使用角度阈值确定建筑物点云立面的边界.通过实例分析,此法能够较完整地提取建...     

内蒙古北山造山带时空结构与古亚洲洋演化

内蒙古北山造山带自北向南发育红石山－百合山、月牙山－洗肠井和帐房山－玉石山3条蛇绿构造混杂岩带。其中北部的2条蛇绿岩带揭示了北山造山带两阶段演化的历史：月牙山－洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩带洋壳形成于530~520 Ma,沿该带多处保存较完好的蛇绿岩洋壳残块（洋壳结构具向北变新特征）,与北侧的早古生代公婆泉岩浆弧（由南向北岛弧成熟度变高）共同指示了北山洋向北俯冲消减的过程,即490 Ma初始俯冲,450~440 Ma为俯冲峰期,430~420 Ma为同碰撞阶段,400 Ma的双峰式岩浆岩组合指示了北山洋的消亡和后造山伸展的过程;红石山－百合山蛇绿混杂岩带是发育在雀儿山－圆包山岛弧基础上的SSZ型蛇绿岩,弧后开裂洋壳的形成与南侧最早发育的岛弧岩浆作用年龄接近（340~320 Ma）,310~290 Ma俯冲峰期造成南侧白山岩浆弧大量的岩浆活动,早二叠世末期（275 Ma）的辉长岩和花岗岩侵位及早—中二叠世双堡塘组下部的角度不整合均反映了红石山洋盆的闭合。前人所划"石板井－小黄山蛇绿岩带"实为一条早古生代发育的深大断裂,沿带发育中基性侵入体及少量超基性岩,后期（志留纪末）叠加有较强的韧性剪切变形。中生代以来的走滑作用和逆冲推覆构造改造了古生代的构造格架,使红石山-百合山蛇绿混杂岩带向北左行切错了十余千米,北山南部的中—新元古界推覆至下古生界之上。对内蒙古北山造山带时空结构的厘定,有助于中亚造山带造山作用过程的理解及其对古生代地壳增生的深入研究,也对银额盆地晚古生代新层系油气资源勘查起到基础支撑。     

热带山区高时空分辨率NDVI融合精度及其影响因素分析

高时空分辨率NDVI时序数据作为遥感应用中的重要数据源,对土地覆被动态变化监测具有重要意义,特别是在地表高程变化显著、气候条件复杂、景观异质性强烈的热带山区。虽然当前学者们提出了诸多时空数据融合模型,但针对这些模型在热带山区的NDVI数据融合精度及其影响因素分析尚不多见。对此,本文选取3类时空数据融合方法(权重函数法、概率统计法和多种混合法)中具有代表性的4个模型:STARFM(Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)、RASTFM(Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)、ESTARFM(Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)、BSFM(Bayesian Spatiotemporal Fusion Model)(STARFM、ESTARFM为权重函数法;BSFM为概率统计法;RASTFM为多种混合法),选择位于我国热带山区的纳板河流域作为研究区。对融合模型的...