顾及分段相似性的同震形变时间序列恒星日滤波优化算法

在常规恒星日滤波的基础上,提出一种顾及分段相似性的恒星日滤波优化算法。在构建滤波算子之前,首先确定用于构建滤波的坐标残差时间序列与地震当天坐标残差时间序列的分段相似性,然后根据相似性度量指标的大小确定权重后再进行滤波。研究结果表明:利用本文提出的顾及分段相似性的恒星日滤波优化方法能够显著改善单历元定位的精度和可靠性,克服常规滤波方法存在的缺陷,有利于恒星日滤波的无人工干预批处理。尤其是通用影像质量评价指数UIQI方法顾及了时间序列间的相关系数以及序列自身的均值和方差,比其他相似性度量更加科学合理,建议采用UIQI作为恒星日滤波优化算法的相似性度量。     

Impact of sampling rate of IGS satellite clock on precise point positioning

Both static and kinematic testings are investigated by using IGS 5min, 30s and 5s-interval precise satellite clock products in precise point positioning (PPP) solution. Test results show that the sampling rate of IGS satellite clock has very little effect on the static PPP solution. All the three types of sampling intervals of precise satellite clock can satisfy mm-cm level of positioning accuracy; higher sampling rate has no significant improvement for PPP solution. However, sampling rate of satellite clock has a significant impact on the PPP solution in kinematic PPP. The higher the interval of satellite clock, the better the accuracy achieved. The accuracy of kinematic PPP achieved by using 30s-interval precise satellite clock is improved by nearly 30–50 percent with respect to the solution by using 5min-interval precise satellite clock, but using 5s and 30s-interval satellite clock can almost produce the same accuracy of kinematic solution. Moreover, the use of precise satellite clock products from different analysis centers may also produce more or less effect on the PPP solution.     

基于全文搜索引擎的空间数据搜索研究

基于瓦片金字塔技术的地图发布,已成为当今WebGIS的主流技术之一。然而,海量空间信息的查询、统计、分析等,目前仍然基于关系数据库,需要从SDE存储的上亿记录中进行查询,响应速度较慢,应用效果不太理想。本文结合云南省土地监管信息服务平台课题研究,将Google/百度等全文搜索技术引入到空间数据的应用,对基于全文搜索引擎的空间数据搜索进行了研究并应用,能够保证在保证地图快速浏览的基础之上,同时实现海量国土空间数据的快速查询和应用。     

非组合与组合PPP模型比较及定位性能分析

使用2011-10-10全球随纬度均匀分布的10个IGS测站的观测数据,分别采用非组合、组合PPP(precise point positioning)模型进行定位解算,详细对比分析了两种PPP模型的静态和动态定位精度和收敛速度,以及ZPD估计精度。实验结果表明,两种PPP模型均可实现水平方向mm～cm级,高程1～3cm的静态定位精度;水平方向1～3cm,高程方向4cm左右的模拟动态定位精度,非组合L1和L2载波相位观测值残差只有传统模型中组合相位观测值残差的1/3～1/5,内符合精度更高。对于30s采样率的观测数据,组合PPP静态定位平均收敛时间为23min,动态为38min;非组合PPP静态定位平均收敛时间为29min,动态为71min,后者的收敛时间均普遍长于前者。在ZPD估计方面,两种模型的估计精度相当,均可达6mm左右。     

An integrated East China Sea–Changjiang Estuary model system with aim at resolving multi-scale regional–shelf–estuarine dynamics

A high-resolution numerical model system is essential to resolve multi-scale coastal ocean dynamics. So a multi-scale unstructured grid-based finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) system has been established for the East China Sea and Changjiang Estuary (ECS–CE) with the aim at resolving coastal ocean dynamics and understanding different physical processes. The modeling system consists of a three-domain-nested weather research and forecasting model, FVCOM model with the inclusion of FVCOM surface wave model in order to understand the wave–current interactions. The ECS–CE system contains three different scale models: a shelf-scale model for the East China Sea, an estuarine-scale model for the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent region, and a fine-scale model for the deep waterway regions. These three FVCOM-based models guarantee the conservation of mass and momentum transferring from outer domain to inner domain using the one-way common-grid nesting procedure. The model system has been validated using data from various observation data, including surface wind, tides, currents, salinity, and wave to accurately reveal the multi-scale dynamics of the East China Sea and Changjiang Estuary. This modeling system has been demonstrated via application to the seasonal variations of Changjiang diluted water and the bottom saltwater intrusion in the North Passage, and it shows strong potential for estuarine and coastal ocean dynamics and operational forecasting.     

The decreasing spring frost risks during the flowering period for woody plants in temperate area of eastern China over past 50 years

The temperate monsoon area of China is an important agricultural region but late spring frosts have frequently caused significant damage to plants there. Based on phenological data derived from the Chinese Phenological Observation Network （CPON）, corresponding meteorological data from 12 study sites and phenological modeling, changes in flowering times of multiple woody plants and the frequency of frost occurrence were analyzed. Through these analyses, frost risk during the flowering period at each site was estimated. Results of these estimates suggested that first flowering dates （FFD） in the study area advanced significantly from 1963 to 2009 at an average rate of -1.52 days/decade in North-east China （P〈0.01） and -2.22 days/decade （P〈0.01） in North China. Over the same period, the number of frost days in spring decreased and the last frost days advanced across the study area. Considering both flowering phenology and occurrence of frost, the frost risk index, which measures the percentage of species exposed to frost during the flowering period in spring, exhibited a decreasing trend of -0.37% per decade （insignificant） in Northeast China and -1.80% per decade （P〈0.01） in North China, implying that frost risk has reduced over the past half century. These conclusions provide important information to agriculture and forest managers in devising frost protection schemes in the region.     

A cephalopod fishery GIS for the Northeast Atlantic: development and application

Cephalopod stocks are of increasing economic importance. Cephalopod fisheries show marked inter-annual fluctuations unrelated to fishery landings and effort. Their population dynamics, particularly recruitment, are thought to be strongly susceptible to changes in environmental conditions. This arises in part from the short life cycle, resulting in poor buffering of the population against changing conditions. These characteristics make traditional approaches to stock assessment and fishery management inappropriate. GIS offers a tool to improve understanding of spatio-temporal trends in abundance and facilitate rational management. A cephalopod fishery geographical information system for Northeast Atlantic waters (CFGIS-NEA) was developed. The system covers the area from 28.0° W to 11.0° E, and 34.5° N to 65.5° N. It was designed for investigating cephalopod resource dynamics in relation to environmental variation. It is based on Unix Arc/Info, and PC ArcView, combined with the statistical software package S-PLUS and supported by a database in Microsoft Access. Environmental data (e.g. sea surface temperature and salinity, sea bottom temperature and salinity, and bathymetric data), cephalopod fishery, survey and biological data, from a variety of sources, were integrated in the GIS as coverages, grids, shapefiles, and tables. Special functions were developed for data integration, data conversion, query, visualisation, analysis and management. User-friendly interfaces were developed allowing relatively inexperienced users to operate the system. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of cephalopod abundance by species, the spatial and temporal relationships between cephalopod abundance and environmental factors, and the spatial and temporal patterns of cephalopod fishing activity were analysed using a combination of visual (qualitative) and quantitative methods. Predictive empirical models, such as GAMs (generalized additive models), were developed for modelling cephalopod abundance using environmental variables.     

Application of p-y approach in analyzing pile foundations in frozen ground overlying liquefiable soils

Two major earthquakes in Alaska, namely the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake and the 2002 Denali Earthquake, occurred in winter seasons when the ground crust was frozen. None of the then-existing foundation types was able to withstand the force from the lateral spreading of frozen crust. This paper presents results from the analysis of pile foundations in frozen ground overlying liquefiable soil utilizing the Beam-on-Nonlinear-Winkler-Foundation (BNWF) (or p-y approach). P-multipliers were applied on traditional sandy soil p-y curves to simulate soil strength degradation during liquefaction. Frozen soil p-y curves were constructed based on a model proposed in a recent study and the frozen soil mechanical properties obtained from testing of naturally frozen soils. Pile response results from the p-y approach were presented along with those from fluid-solid coupled Finite Element (FE) modeling for comparison purpose. Finally, the sensitivity of pile response to frozen soil parameters was investigated and a brief discussion is presented.     

长白山区湿地表土植硅体特征及其环境意义*

湿地在全球环境变化中扮演着十分重要的角色,湿地表土中的植硅体分析是恢复第四纪古环境的重要途径。文中选取长白山区的桦南到哈尼一线的6处湿地表土,并采用PCA和CA分析植硅体组合的环境指示意义,结果显示：温度因子是造成长白山不同湿地表土植硅体组合差异的第1环境因子,且植硅体的种类和含量与采样点上覆植被、湿度与海拔等环境条件都存在相关性。结合方差分析和植硅体大小变化趋势分析曲线可以看出,不同表土中符合方差分析条件的植硅体类型的大小随着温度的升高而增大。总体来看,长白山区6处湿地中,植硅体类型基本相同,但温暖指数和植硅体的大小差异较显著,说明植硅体大小及其组合对温度都有较敏感的响应。     

塔南凹陷南屯组油藏类型及其分布特征

塔南凹陷南屯组现今的复合箕状断陷结构,是由盆地内部的多个断块、翘倾掀斜分割改造的缓坡—沉积中心—沉降中心—陡坡组成大型断陷盆地后形成的。通过构造、沉积、反演和试油资料的综合分析,发现区内油气藏类型及其展布受沉积过程、同生断层及后期构造的控制,与普通的陆相箕状断陷盆地明显不同。缓坡一侧的翘倾掀斜部位主要为三角洲前缘储集砂体,发育断层分割或遮挡的构造-岩性油气藏;沉积中心的储集砂体主要为远岸扇和三角洲前缘成因,多发育透镜状岩性油气藏和构造-岩性油气藏;在沉积和沉降中心之间的翘倾掀斜部位为远岸扇储集砂体,多发育透镜状岩性油气藏和背斜-岩性油气藏;陡坡一侧的沉降中心主要为近岸水下扇储集砂体,以透镜状岩性油气藏为主,也可见到上倾尖灭岩性油气藏和构造-岩性油气藏。