Sensitivity of the warm core of tropical cyclones to solar radiation

To investigate the impacts of solar radiation on tropical cyclone (TC) warm-core structure (i.e., the magnitude and height), a pair of idealized simulations are conducted by specifying different strengths of solar shortwave radiation. It is found that the TC warm core is highly sensitive to the shortwave radiative effect. For the nighttime storm, a tendency for a more intense warm core is found, with an elevated height compared to its daytime counterpart. As pointed out by previous studies, the radiative cooling during nighttime destabilizes the local and large-scale environment and thus promotes deep moist convection, which enhances the TC's intensity. Due to the different inertial stabilities, the diabatic heating in the eyewall will force different secondary circulations. For a strong TC with a deeper vertical structure, this promotes a thin upper-level inflow layer. This inflow carries the lower stratospheric air with high potential temperature and descends adiabatically in the eye, resulting in significant upper-level warming. The Sawyer-Eliassen diagnosis further confirms that the height of the maximum temperature anomaly is likely attributable to the balance among the forced secondary circulations.     

滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的锋生机制分析

利用卫星云图、常规地面观测资料和逐6 h的1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,对2003-2006年春季滇黔准静止锋背景下,出现的5次贵州暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析和总结。结果表明:在准静止锋背景下,贵州春季暴雨是由高低空急流、高空槽、冷空气与准静止锋的共同作用产生的。低空急流将大量的水汽从孟加拉湾和北部湾输送到贵州,不断积累对流有效位能;高空急流的加速增强了"高层辐散、低层辐合"的大尺度上升运动,并通过急流下侧的正环流圈带动冷空气南下,使得准静止锋活跃锋生,是暴雨天气过程的触发机制。锋生现象分析表明,高空急流加速导致对流层中高层极锋锋区内锋生和对流层中层正环流圈的形成,加强了准静止锋附近的水平变形和垂直运动,进而促使锋生加强。水平变形和垂直运动对暴雨的产生也有直接影响:水平变形项范围越大则降雨强度越强,与垂直运动相关的倾斜项移动与在准静止锋附近生成的强对流云团的移动方向一致。准静止锋与贵州春季的暴雨过程关系密切,暴雨落区集中分布在准静止锋南侧1个纬距带内。高空急流加速度、冷锋附近的水汽辐合强度以及对流有效位能的高能舌区范围对暴雨范围和强度有指示作用。基于以上锋生机制,提炼了滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的物理模型。     

Raman Spectrum Characteristics of Lower Paleozoic Carbonaceous Shale in Middle Yangtze Region

<正>1 Introduction Scholars have paid more attention to the rule of organic nanopores changing with the thermal evolution degree since Loucks et al.(2009)showed the importance of organic nanopores in storing the hale gas to oil and gas researchers with the help of argon ion polished technique of sample preparation and high-resolution field emission     

Comprehensive diag”nostic review of the (13)~C-enriched crude oils exemplified by TD2∈ and TZ62S in Tarim Basin,NW China

The crude oils typically from the CambrianLower Ordovician source rocks of Tarim Basin, NW"China, such as TD2 and TZ62S, are13C-enriched with the stable carbon isotopic ratios(VPDB) approaching-28 %.In this paper, the main research viewpoints on this issue are summarized, and combined with results from organic and inorganic carbon isotope stratum curves of the outcrop at the Ya’erdang Mountain in Tarim Basin. In addition, more alternative interpretations are discussed. On one hand, the inverse fractionation features of stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of these crude oils may imply their protogenous nature. On the other hand, the anisotropy of source rocks and contribution from older stratum source rocks need verifying as well. For the sake of the final resolution of this issue, some further study topics are recommended.     

白令海深海异常沉积特征及成因分析

利用中国历次北极科学考察航次在白令海北部陆坡及海盆等深水区所采集的沉积物样品,对其开展沉积学等研究,系统归纳该海域常见的异常沉积类型及特征,并初步探讨其可能成因。BR02孔出现至少3段浊积层,浊积层主要分布于末次冰消期至中全新世。B5-4孔存在至少2段火山碎屑沉积层,其沉积年代分别约为1.3 ka BP和13.2 ka BP。B5-7站表层沉积物中的硅藻组合以新近系硅藻化石Kisseleviella carina Sheshukova-Poretzkaya和Kisseleviella ezoensis Akib为主,且与附近海域其他表层沉积物的硅藻组合面貌差异明显,可能是沉积物再沉积结果,其初始沉积年代大约为早中新世。白令海北部陆缘/陆坡区附近遍布的海底大峡谷对该区沉积物沉积过程具有重要影响,可能是导致该区浊流沉积与再沉积物的主要原因。此外,白令海位于欧亚板块、太平洋板块及北美板块交汇区边缘,其独特的地理位置决定该区地震与火山等构造活动相对活跃,进而进一步促使该区海底异常沉积现象频发。     

Relative humidity history on the Batang–Litang Plateau of western China since 1755 reconstructed from tree-ring δ18O and δD

We measured the annual variation in the stable isotopes of oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and hydrogen (δD) in tree rings of Abies georgei on the Batang–Litang Plateau of western China. Although correlations between tree-ring δ¹⁸O and δD are relatively weak in semi-arid regions, we found a strong correlation between the δ¹⁸O and δD time series from 1755 to 2009 under the wetter environment. Tree-ring δ¹⁸O and δD time series are both significantly and negatively correlated with moisture conditions from June to August, including relative humidity and total precipitation, respectively, from 1960 to 2009. Considering the difference in low-frequency domain between the two isotopes, the relative humidity histories from June to August, reconstructed separately from the tree-ring δ¹⁸O and δD data with instrumental climate data, reveal a persistent drying trend since 1850s, especially since the early 1970s. There is an obvious offset of reconstructed relative humidity from tree-ring δ¹⁸O and δD in the period 1755–1820, despite the strong similarity in their 21-year moving averages. The decreased relative humidity since the 1850s may be associated with the thermal contrast between the sea surface temperature of the Indian Ocean and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which determines the strength of moisture transfer via the Indian summer monsoon.     

河谷型城市热岛空间分布格局演变及对策——以西宁市区为例

城市热岛效应直接反映着城市的气候特征,这对于研究由城市化发展与环境改变引起的城市气温的变化及保护城市的生态环境具有重要的现实意义。本文利用LandsatTM影像、气象台站资料,基于GIS的空间分析技术及单窗算法,对河谷型城市西宁市的地表温度进行反演,分析了地表温度与NDVI、NDBI的空间对应关系。结果表明:西宁市存在明显的城市热岛效应,热场分布及延伸与西宁市空间扩展布局相一致,热岛范围呈逐年增长的趋势;低、中温区的热岛面积大幅度减少,高温区的热岛范围显著增加;热岛效应冬季最强,夏季次之,秋季有明显减弱的趋势。在河谷型城市的空间格局上,地表温度与NDVI呈负相关关系、与NDBI呈正相关关系。最后,依据热岛时空演化、成因分析和策略研究的思路,从不同角度提出了缓解城市热岛效应的措施和对策,为未来西宁市热环境的改善提供科学参考和决策支持。     

Individual Variations of Winter Surface Air Temperature over Northwest and Northeast China and Their Respective Preceding Factors

Based on monthly mean surface air temperature （SAT） from 71 stations in northern China and NCEP/ NCAR and NOAA-CIRES （Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences） twentieth century reanalysis data, the dominant modes of winter SAT over northem China were explored. The results showed that there are two modes that account for a majority of the total variance over northern China. The first mode is unanimously colder （warmer） over the whole of northern China. The second mode is characterized by a dipole structure that is colder （warmer） over Northwest China （NWC） and warmer （colder） over Northeast China （NEC）, accounting for a fairly large proportion of the total variance. The two components constituting the second mode, the individual variations of winter SAT over NWC and NEC and their respective preceding factors, were further investigated. It was found that the autumn SAT anomalies are closely linked to persistent snow cover anomalies over Eurasia, showing the delayed effects on winter climate over northern China. Specifically, the previous autumn SAT anomalies over the Lake Baikal （LB; 50-60°N, 85-120°E） and Mongolian Plateau （MP; 42-52°N, 80-120°E） regions play an important role in adjusting the variations of winter SAT over NWC and NEC, respectively. The previous autumn SAT anomaly over the MP region may exert an influence on the winter SAT over NEC through modulating the strength and location of the East Asian major trough. The previous autumn SAT over the LB region may modulate winter westerlies at the middle and high latitudes of Asia and accordingly affects the invasion of cold air and associated winter SAT over NWC.     

Regional reference network augmented precise point positioning for instantaneous ambiguity resolution

Integer ambiguity fixing can significantly shorten the initialization time and improve the accuracy of precise point positioning (PPP), but it still takes approximate 15 min of time to achieve reliable integer ambiguity solutions. In this contribution, we present a new strategy to augment PPP estimation with a regional reference network, so that instantaneous ambiguity fixing is achievable for users within the network coverage. In the proposed method, precise zero-differenced atmospheric delays are derived from the PPP fixed solution of the reference stations, which are disseminated to, and interpolated at user stations to correct for L1, L2 phase observations or their combinations. With the corrected observations, instantaneous ambiguity resolution can be carried out within the user PPP software, thus achieving the position solutions equivalent to the network real-time kinematic positioning (NRTK). The strategy is validated experimentally. The derived atmospheric delays and the interpolated corrections are investigated. The ambiguity fixing performance and the resulted position accuracy are assessed. The validation confirms that the new strategy can provide comparable service with NRTK. Therefore, with this new processing strategy, it is possible to integrate PPP and NRTK into a seamless positioning service, which can provide an accuracy of about 10 cm anywhere, and upgrade to a few centimeters within a regional network.