Summer Monsoon Impacts on Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Middle of the South China Sea: Climatological Mean and Annual Variability

Climatological mean and annual variations of Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) distribution,sea surface wind(SSW),and sea surface temperature(SST) from 1998 to 2008 were analyzed in the middle of the South China Sea(SCS),focusing on the typical region off the east coast of Vietnam(8.5-14°N,109.5-114°E).Based on remote sensing data and SCS summer monsoon index(SCSSMI) data,high Chl-a concentrations in the middle of the SCS in the southwest summer monsoon season(June-September) may be related to strong Ekman pumping and strong wind stress.The maximum of the monthly averaged climatological Chl-a in the summer appeared in August.According to the annual variation,there was a significant negative correlation(r =-0.42) between the SCSSMI and SST,a strongly positive correlation(r=0.61) between the SCSSMI and Chl-a,and a strongly negative correlation(r =-0.74) between the SST and Chl-a in the typical region off the east coast of Vietnam during 1998-2008.Due to the El Ni?o event specifically,the phenomena of a low Chl-a concentration,high SST and weak SCSSMI were extremely predominant in the summer of 1998.These relationships imply that the SCSSMI associated with the SST could be used to predict the annual variability of summer Chl-a in the SCS.     

Size Distributions and Elemental Compositions of Particulate Matter on Clear, Hazy and Foggy days in Beijing, China

Total suspended particulates(TSP)samples were collected using low pressure impactors(Andersen Series 20-800,USA)on typical clear,hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of size distributions and elemental compositions of particulate matter(PM)in different weather conditions. The concentrations of sixteen elements,including Na,Mg,Al,K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Cd,Ba,Tl and Pb were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The results showed that Ca,Al,Fe,Mg and Ba on foggy days were 2.0-2.6 times higher than on clear days,and 2.3-2.9 times higher than on hazy days.Concentrations of Cu,Zn,As,Se and Pb on foggy days were 163.5,1186.7,65.9,32.0 and 708.2 ng m-3,respectively,in fine particles,and 68.1,289.5,19.8,1.6 and 103.8 ng m-3,respectively,in coarse particles.This was 1.0-8.4 times higher and 1.4-7.4 times higher than on clear and hazy days,respectively.It is then shown that Mg,Al,Fe,Ca and Ba were mainly associated with coarse particles,peaking at 4.7-5.8μm;that Cd,Se,Zn,As,Tl and Pb were most dominant in fine particles,peaking at 0.43-1.1μm;and that Na,K,Ni,Cu and Mn had a multi-mode distribution,with peaks at 0.43-1.1μm and 4.7-5.8μm.The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.     

两种不同减排情景下21世纪气候变化的数值模拟

利用国家气候中心最新发展的气候系统模式BCC-CSM1.0模拟了相对于B1排放情景,两种不同减排情景(De90和De07,表示按照B1情景排放到2012年,之后线性递减,至2050年时CO_2排放水平分别达到1990和2007年排放水平一半的情景)对全球和中国区域气候变化的影响.结果表明:两种减排情景下模式模拟的全球平均地表气温在21世纪40年代以后明显低于Bl情景,比减排情景浓度低于B1的时间延迟了20年左右;尽管De90减排情景在2050年所达到的稳定排放水平低于De07情景,但De90情景下的全球增温在2070年以后才一致低于De07情景,这种滞后町能与耦合系统(主要足海洋)的惯性有关;至21世纪末,De90和De07情景下的全球增温幅度分别比B1情景降低了0.4和0.2℃;从全球分布来看,B1情景下21世纪后30年的增温幅度在北半球高纬度和极地地区最大,减排情景能够显著减少这些地区的增温幅度,减排程度越大,则减少越多;在中国区域,B1情景下21世纪末平均增温比全球平均高约1.2℃,减排情景De90和De07分别比B1情景降低了0.4和0.3℃,中国北方地区增温幅度高于南方及沿海地区,减排情景能够显著减小中国西部地区的增温幅度;B1情景下21世纪后30年伞球增温在冬季最高,De90和De07情景分别能够降低各个季节全球升温幅度的17%和10%左右.     

百叶箱和通风防辐射罩气温观测系统的数据对比与订正

气温是常规地面气象观测的基本要素,其观测方法和误差直接关系到对大气过程的理解和预报精度。开展不同气温观测系统间的对比和分析,保证观测数据的准确性和可比较性,对大气科学以及天气气候的预测、预报研究具有重要意义。本文利用2009年9月至2010年8月的对比实验数据,分析了百叶箱气温观测系统和通风防辐射罩气温观测系统的数据差异,讨论了系统误差与环境温度以及辐射误差与太阳辐射和环境风速之间的关系,给出了相应的订正方法,最后对订正效果进行了检验。结果表明:与通风防辐射罩的气温数据相比,百叶箱的气温数据偏高,其中夜间平均偏高0.19°C,白天平均偏高0.29°C;系统误差是环境温度的一元线性函数,气温每升高1°C,系统误差就会增加0.006°C左右;辐射误差是太阳辐射与环境风速互相耦合作用的结果:太阳辐射有较强的增温效应,与辐射误差呈现近似的抛物线函数关系;环境风速有较好的冷却效应,与辐射误差呈现出近似的负指数函数关系;经误差订正后,夜间和白天的数据误差均减小到了0.0°C,-0.2~0.2°C的样本比例分别从订正前的64.5%和45.3%提高到了83.7%和80.6%,一致率提高到了92.3%和96.0%。     

使用DOS批处理文件备份自动气象站数据

从备份自动站数据文件的实际需要出发,通过实例由浅及深地介绍了用DOS批处理文件多目的地、多方式备份自动站数据的方法,包括本机备份、备份到局域网、备份到网络服务器以及自动备份等。     

The unification of RBLs with XBLs

Many astronomers have discussed the property of BL Lacertae objects, including the variation of spectrum, the correlation of multi-wave bands and the property of polarization, which could give good information for studying intrinsic correlation of components and position of BL Lacertae objects. In the paper, we investigated the properties of RBLs and XBLs and RBLs/XBLs (these objects can also be found by radio survey as by X-ray survey). Firstly, we collected the light curve of 28 BL Lacertae objects, and gained their short timescales by Structure Function (SF). Secondly, we analyzed the distribution of the short timescales of some BL Lacertae objects, including 28 objects’ timescales calculated by SF, as well as the distribution of the redshift and the black hole mass and the flux densities of the multi-wavebands (radio, near-infrared, optical and Gamma-ray). Based on statistical analysis, the result of the paper support the unification model of RBLs and XBLs.     

气候变化与多维度可持续城市化

全球大规模城市化和气候变化已是不争的事实,这是全人类需要共同面对和关注的突出问题。当前对于两者之间的复杂关系以及城市化进程如何科学应对气候变化并不清晰,从科学、管理到实践都需要进一步加强探究,以实现全球和区域可持续发展。本文首先给出全球大规模城市化和气候变化发生的基本事实,综述归纳城市化与气候变化的相互影响以及可能机制,城市化导致热岛效应、降水分配不均以及极端天气,并具有局地—区域—全球多尺度叠加效应,加剧了全球气候变化问题;气候变化对城市化的影响主要表现为能源消费变化、死亡率与传染病传播、海平面上升、极端天气对基础设施的破坏、水资源短缺等方面。简要梳理相关的国际研究和行动联盟,从城市化的4个关键维度：人口、土地、经济和社会视角出发,提出适应与减缓气候变化的多维度可持续城市化的分析框架。呼吁加强自然与人文学科交叉,将城市化等人类活动纳入地—气系统,探究人—地—气复杂耦合过程,从城市化为代表的人类活动角度的适应与减缓,或许是应对气候变化的最关键和最现实的路径。     

四元数的基本概念与向量旋转的欧拉公式

为方便理解四元数,首先针对两个相互平行或垂直的向量,定义它们之间的一种不可交换乘积,命名为格拉斯曼乘积,同时约定这一不可交换积满足分配律。由此,进一步给出任意两个向量之间格拉斯曼积的具体表达式,并引出四元数的概念和运算法则。从理论上证明,任意四元数都可表示为两个向量之间的格拉斯曼积,并可以利用单位四元数的正交变换来表示向量旋转的欧拉公式。     

引潮位的Doodson规格化展开及其精度评定

基于引潮位Doodson规格化展开的基本原理以及ELP/MPP02月球历表、Newcomb太阳历表的结构,设计了一个用以代表三角函数的数据结构;并由此自定义了三角函数的乘法与加法算法,将月球、太阳引潮位分别展开至5阶、3阶,振幅绝对值截断阈值为10-7,在展开过程中对"伪波"进行"滤波"处理后,最终得到包含4 686项展开式的引潮位展开表(其中振幅绝对值超过10-6的展开式有2 441项)。以德国BFO(Black Forest Observatory)测站为例,基于DE431历表,通过天球参考系变换计算得到1950—2050年间时间间隔为1 h的法向引潮力基准序列BFDE431;并根据各个引潮位展开表计算得到相应的法向引潮力序列;通过与BFDE431基准序列求差,得到各个差值序列的统计值。计算结果表明,文中给出的展开表对应的差值序列数值在±58×10~(-11)m·s~(-2)(nGal)以内,均方差为12.5×10~(-11)m·s~(-2),与XI89展开表的精度相当。但由于没有考虑行星及地球扁率的影响,仍未达到HW95和RATGP95展开表的精度水平。     

安徽冬季地面降水相态的判别研究

文章对安徽省2000—2009年11月至次年4月的雨、雨夹雪、雪和冻雨四类降水相态样本的温度、相对湿度和假相当位温分布特征进行了分析。从地面到500 hPa,气温、相对湿度和假相当位温对平原、山区的地面降水相态的区分能力均逐渐减弱,且相对湿度对降水相态的区分能力远弱于气温和假相当位温。在同一气压层上,假相当位温与气温对平原地区地面降水相态的区分能力相当,而假相当位温在某些气压层上对山区降水相态的区分能力略优于气温。在不同气压层上,平原地区各降水相态的气温和假相当位温均接近正态分布,山区假相当位温相对于气温更接近正态分布。因此假相当位温更适合作为地面降水相态的判别因子。选取地面到500 hPa共6个气压层(山区5个)的假相当位温作为地面降水相态的判别因子建立多级判别方程,利用2010年的降水相态样本对所建立的多级判别方程进行独立性检验。结果表明:多级判别方程对雨、雨夹雪或雪、冻雨的区分能力较好,对雨夹雪与雪的区分能力相对较弱。利用T639模式资料对两个降水相态复杂个例进行预报检验,多级判别方程能较好地预报雨雪转换的时间及区域,对降水相态的预报具有较高的参考价值。