Operational climate prediction in the era of big data in China: Reviews and prospects

Big data has emerged as the next technological revolution in IT industry after cloud computing and the Internet of Things. With the development of climate observing systems, particularly satellite meteorological observation and high-resolution climate models, and the rapid growth in the volume of climate data, climate prediction is now entering the era of big data. The application of big data will provide new ideas and methods for the continuous development of climate prediction. The rapid integration, cloud storage, cloud computing, and full-sample analysis of massive climate data makes it possible to understand climate states and their evolution more objectively, thus predicting the future climate more accurately. This paper describes the application status of big data in operational climate prediction in China; it analyzes the key big data technologies, discusses the future development of climate prediction operations from the perspective of big data, speculates on the prospects for applying climatic big data in cloud computing and data assimilation, and puts forward the notion of big data-based super-ensemble climate prediction methods and computerbased deep learning climate prediction methods.     

青藏高原的热力和机械强迫作用以及亚洲季风的爆发 II.爆发时间

本研究的第I部分用资料分析证明,由于青藏高原的热力强迫和动力强迫,1989年亚洲季风首先在孟加拉湾（BOB）东岸爆发,接着才有南海（SCS）季风爆发和印度季风爆发。在亚洲季风爆发的这三个阶段中,每阶段都伴有高原上空气柱的急速升温。本文是第I部分的继续。它指出:高原上空气柱的每一次急速升温都与中高纬度源于地中海上空的、频率为2～3周的低频（TTO）暖脊东传到高原上空相联系。季风爆发的每一阶段都伴有从南半球向北传播的、频率为30～60天的低频（MJO）散度扰动和从热带西太平洋向西传播的、频率为2～3周的低频（TTO）散度扰动。当这些低频扰动的暖位相和上升位相在所定义的“东亚季风区”（EAMA）锁相时,亚洲季风阶段性爆发出现。大气低频振荡的有利位相在EAMA区的锁相因而是亚洲季风各阶段爆发时间的决定因子。     

裙带菜原生质体的分离和培养

本文以裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida(Harv.)Suringar)为材料,进行原生质体分离和培养研究。取得以下结果: 1、使用海螺酶(sea snail enzymes)和纤维素酶(cellulase,Onozuka R-10),酶解裙带菜细胞壁,在一定的条件下,能够大量地分离成活的裙带菜原生质体。 2、实验表明,氯化钠可作为分离裙带菜原生质体研究中的一种理想的渗透刑。 3、荧光增白剂染色镜检法可作为鉴定裙带菜原生质体的一种辅助方法,并适用于原生质体再生壁的观察。 4、光照(2000—2500Lux)能促使原生质体再生细胞壁,含有蔗糖(W/V,1％)的培养液有助于原生质体再生细胞壁。 5、分离的裙带菜原生质体,经培养,已能长成幼体。     

Integration and Sharing of Geo-spatial Data Based on Data Engine

Through analyzing the principle of data sharing in the database system, this paper discusses the principle and method for integrating and sharing GIS data by data engine, introduces a way to achieve the high integration and sharing of GIS data on the basis of VCT in VC , and provides the method for uniting VCT into RDBMS in order to implement a spatial database with object-oriented data model.     

磁铁矿的穆斯堡尔谱研究

我们对大冶、马坑、大顶、黄沙坪、鞍山五个矿区的七个铁矿石样品中的磁铁矿作了室温~(57)Fe和~(119)Sn穆斯堡尔谱测定,并根据穆斯堡尔数据和化学分析推算出磁铁矿的非理想配比的分子结构式. 初步研究表明,不同的成矿条件和Zn、Mg等二价阳离子的类质同像替代的多少,明显地影响晶胞参数和穆斯堡尔参数.文中讨论了它们的变化规律性.     

利用MODIS卫星资料对比反演兰州地区气溶胶光学厚度

Kaufman的暗像元方法是目前利用MODIS卫星资料反演气溶胶光学厚度的方法之一,但在获取可见光通道地表反射率时存在局限性。我们用一种对比方法进行了反演试验,研究了反演粒径较大的气溶胶光学厚度的可行性。用6S辐射传输模式模拟了两天的表观反射率差异对气溶胶光学厚度的敏感性;利用两天(“清洁日”和“污染日”)MODIS的红、蓝和近红外通道表观反射率资料,通过查算表反演了水面上空的气溶胶光学厚度和几何平均质量粒径;在此基础上反演了兰州地区气溶胶光学厚度的分布情况。反演结果与地面光度计观测作了比较,两者比较接近,说明反演方法是可行的。     

水平孔钻渣运移机理研究

有效地排除钻渣是钻井液的主要功能之一。本文结合实验及相关工程情况,从力学角度对水平孔中钻渣的运移机理及相关影响因素进行分析,采用牛顿力学定律对钻渣在钻井液中的运移速度进行了解析建模。     

Submicron-sized fluid inclusions and distribution of hydrous components in jadeite,quartz and symplectite-forming minerals from UHP jadeite–quartzite in the Dabie Mountains,China: TEM and FTIR investigation

Fluid inclusions and clusters of water molecules at nanometer-to submicron-scale in size have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in jadeite, quartz and symplectite aegirine–augite, albite, taramite and magnetite corona minerals from ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) jadeite–quartzite at Shuanghe, the Dabie Mountains, China. Fluid inclusions from 0.003 μm to 0.78 μm in size occur in jadeite and quartz crystals, and a small number of fluid inclusions from 0.001 μm to 0.25 μm have also been detected in symplectite-forming minerals. Most of the fluid inclusions have round or negative crystal morphology and contain aqueous fluids, but some contain CO₂-rich fluids. They are usually connected to dislocations undetectable at an optical scale. The dislocations represent favorable paths for fluid leakage, accounting for non-decrepitation of most fluid inclusions when external pressure decreased at later stages, although there was partial decrepitation of some fluid inclusions unconnected to defect microstructures resulting from internal overpressure. Non-decrepitation and partial decrepitation of fluid inclusions resulted in changes of original composition and/or density. It is clear that identification of hidden re-equilibration features has significant implications for the petrological interpretation of post-peak metamorphic processes. Micro-FTIR results show that all jadeite and quartz samples contain structural water occurring as hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) and free water (H₂O) in the form of clusters of water molecules. The H₂O transformed from OH⁻ during exhumation and could have triggered and enhanced early retrograde metamorphism of the host rocks and facilitated plastic deformation of jadeite and quartz grains by dislocation movement, and thus the H₂O released during decompression might represent early-stage retrograde metamorphic fluid. The nominally anhydrous mineral (NAM) jadeite is able to transport aqueous fluids in concentrations of at least several hundred ppm water along a subduction zone to mantle depths in the form of clusters of water molecules and hydroxyl ions within crystals.     

航空重力数据向下延拓的倒锥法(上)——方法的提出和存在性

基于离散 Possion积分提出了一种灵活直接的向下延拓新方法 ,证明了方法的存在性 ,利用模拟数据进行的数值实验取得了很好的效果。     

Molecular Structure of Kerogen in the Longmaxi Shale: Insights from Solid State NMR,FT‐IR,XRD and HRTEM

Kerogen plays an important role in shale gas adsorption, desorption and diffusion. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the molecular structure of kerogen. In this study, four kerogen samples were isolated from the organic-rich shale of the Longmaxi Formation. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the maturity of these kerogen samples. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) , X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were conducted to characterize the molecular structure of the shale samples. The results demonstrate that VReqv of these kerogen samples vary from 2.3% to 2.8%, suggesting that all the kerogen samples are in the dry gas window. The macromolecular carbon skeleton of the Longmaxi Formation kerogen is mainly aromatic (fa’=0.56). In addition, the aromatic structural units are mainly composed of naphthalene (23%), anthracene (23%) and phenanthrene (29%). However, the aliphatic structure of the kerogen macromolecules is relatively low (fal*+falH=0.08), which is presumed to be distributed in the form of methyl and short aliphatic chains at the edge of the aromatic units. The oxygen-containing functional groups in the macromolecules are mainly present in the form of carbonyl groups (fac=0.23) and hydroxyl groups or ether groups (falO=0.13). The crystallite structural parameters of kerogen, including the stacking height (Lc=22.84 ?), average lateral size (La=29.29 ?) and interlayer spacing (d002=3.43 ?), are close to the aromatic structural parameters of anthracite or overmature kerogen. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the aromatic structure is well oriented, and more than 65% of the diffractive aromatic layers are concentrated in the main direction. Due to the continuous deep burial, the longer aliphatic chains and oxygen-containing functional groups in the kerogen are substantially depleted. However, the ductility and stacking degree of the aromatic structure increases during thermal evolution. This study provides quantitative information on the molecular structure of kerogen samples based on multiple research methods, which may contribute to an improved understanding of the organic pores in black shale.