A preliminary study on genesis of the Qiongzhou Straits

The active period of the faults in the Qiongzhou Straits occurred principally in the Tertiary. The rupture zone is situated in the nearly E-W striking tectonic lowland between the Leizhou Peninsula and the Hainan Island, which was preformed by the southward and northward compressions due to the expansion of the South China Sea Basin. During the interglacial periods in the Quaternary, the lowland was inundated and deepened gradually due to erosion by sea curfent. It was until the last uprising of sea level during the postglacial period that the Qiongzhou Straits assumed its present appearance.     

Effect of Faulting on Ordovician Carbonate Buried-Hill Reservoir Beds in Hetianhe Gas Field,Tarim Basin

Ordovician carbonate buried-hill reservoir beds in the Hetianhe (和田河) gas field,located in the Mazhatage (玛扎塔格) structural belt on the southern margin of the Bachu (巴楚) faulted uplift,southwestern Tarim basin,were studied.Based on field survey,core and slice observation,the general characteristics of carbonate buried-hill reservoir beds and specifically Ordovician carbonate buried-hill reservoir beds in the Hetianhe gas field were discussed.The karst zone of the reservoir beds in Hetianhe gas field was divided into superficial karst zone,vertical infiltration karst zone,lower subsurface flow karst zone,and deep sluggish flow zone from top to bottom.The effects of faulting on Ordovician carbonate buried-hill reservoir beds in the Hetianhe gas field were obvious.The faulting intensified the karstification and increased the depth of denudation.Faulting and subsequent fracture growth modified the reservoir beds and improved the physical property and quality of the reservoir beds.Moreover,faulting enhanced the development of the dissolution holes and fractures and increased the thickness of the effective reservoir beds.Meanwhile,faulting made the high porosity-permeability carbonate belts,which created conditions for the hydrocarbon accumulation,develop near the fault zone.     

浪都夕卡岩型铜矿床中石榴子石稀土元素地球化学研究

文中对浪都矿床夕卡岩中石榴子石进行了主量和稀土元素研究。分析结果表明研究区石榴子石为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石固溶体系列,成分变化于Ad_(87)Gr_(13)-Ad_(92)Gr_8之间,以钙铁榴石为主。与世界上很多夕卡岩矿床中石榴子石REE配分模式截然不同,研究区石榴子石稀土元素总量较低、配分模式表现为轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,并且具有明显的Eu正异常。研究显示,浪都矿床钙铁榴石是在水/岩比值较高的环境下快速形成,其与流体之间并没有完全达到REE平衡。岩浆热液中REE的配分模式、表面吸附可能为制约石榴子石REE含量及配分模式的主要因素。Eu~(2+)(r=1.25 A)与其他REE~(3+)相比具有更大的离子半径,更容易被吸附在石榴子石晶体表面,可能是形成浪都矿床中石榴子石Eu正异常的主要原因。     

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Influence of inactivation agents on phosphorus release from sediment

The effects of inactivation agents, including common polymeric aluminium (Al) chloride (CPAC) and Ecological Type PAC (UNIC), on phosphorus (P) released from sediment are unclear. To determine these effects, we performed seven experiments using various inactivation agent additions. The experimental schemes used were as follows: (1) CPAC, 15 mg Al L^?1; (2) CPAC (15 mg Al L^?1) + polyacrylamide (PAM) (0.5 mg L^?1); (3) UNIC, 5 mg Al L^?1; (4) UNIC, 15 mg Al L^?1; (5) UNIC, 60 mg Al L^?1; (6) control set without any inactivation agent addition; and (7) alkali shock load (the pH value of overlying water in the scheme 7 was adjusted to 11 by addition of sodium hydroxide to simulate alkali shock load at 13 days after CPAC addition). The experiments were conducted in glass columns, each containing 0.3 L sediment from Lake Dianchi and 3 L of overlying water. The results showed that P release rate decreased as the amount of inactivation agent added increased. P release rate was calculated according to each inactivation agent and the amount of inactivation agent added. Release rate found was in the decreasing order: (6) > (3) > (4) > (1) > (5) > (2). The corresponding rate was calculated to be 7.11, 6.16, 4.55, 1.76, 1.46 and 1.00 mg P m^?2 day^?1, respectively. Dissolved total P (DTP) was the main form of total P (TP) in the overlying water. After the addition of PAM, the DTP:TP ratio decreased while the dissolved inorganic P (DIP):DTP ratio increased. With increasing the amount of inactivation agents added, both DTP:TP and DIP:TP ratios decreased. Experimental group 3 had similar DTP:TP and DIP:TP ratios to experimental group 6. These results are significant in terms of the large-scale application of inactivation agents for reducing levels of bioreactive P. Alkali shock load (experimental group 7) caused failure in the inactivation of P by CPAC.     

A detailed study of the high-mass clump interacting with the bubble N10

We report a reanalysis of data on the measured decay rate ratio ²²Na/⁴⁴Ti which were originally published by Norman et al., and interpreted as supporting the conventional hypothesis that nuclear decay rates are constant and not affected by outside influences. We find upon a more detailed analysis of both the amplitude and the phase of the Norman data that they actually favor the presence of an annual variation in ²²Na/⁴⁴Ti, albeit weakly. Moreover, this conclusion holds for a broad range of parameters describing the amplitude and phase of an annual sinusoidal variation in these data. The results from this and related analyses underscore the growing importance of phase considerations in understanding the possible influence of the Sun on nuclear decays. Our conclusions with respect to the phase of the Norman data are consistent with independent analyses of solar neutrino data obtained at Super-Kamiokande-I and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO).     

Multimodel ensemble projections of future climate extreme changes in the Haihe River Basin,China

Exploring the characteristic of the extreme climatic events, especially future projection is considerably important in assessing the impacts of climatic change on hydrology and water resources system. We investigate the future patterns of climate extremes (2001–2099) in the Haihe River Basin (HRB) derived from Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM) multimodel ensemble projections using the Bayesian Model Average (BMA) approach, under a range of emission scenarios. The extremes are depicted by three extreme temperature indices (i.e., frost days (FD), growing season length (GSL), and T _min >90th percentile (TN90)) and five extreme precipitation indices (i.e., consecutive dry days (CDD), precipitation ≥10 mm (R10), maximum 5-day precipitation total (R5D), precipitation >95th percentile (R95T), and simple daily intensity index (SDII)). The results indicate frost days display negative trend over the HRB in the 21st century, particularly in the southern basin. Moreover, a greater season length and more frequent warm nights are also projected in the basin. The decreasing CDD, together with the increasing R10, R5D, R95T, and SDII in the 21st century indicate that the extreme precipitation events will increase in their intensity and frequency in the basin. Meanwhile, the changes of all eight extremes climate indices under A2 and A1B scenarios are more pronounced than in B1. The results will be of practical significance in mitigation of the detrimental effects of variations of climatic extremes and improve the regional strategy for water resource and eco-environment management, particularly for the HRB characterized by the severe water shortages and fragile ecological environment.     

北斗系统在轨卫星钟性能评估方法及结论

在轨卫星钟性能(频率准确度、稳定度、漂移率以及在轨寿命)评估是卫星导航系统性能指标评估的重要任务之一。文中结合北斗卫星钟在轨性能评估任务,介绍了几种评估北斗在轨卫星钟性能的方法及原理并进行了专题试验。试验结果表明,北斗在轨卫星原子钟性能稳定,频率准确度约为10-11,漂移率为10-13,稳定度为10-14。与国外卫星钟性能相当,能够满足北斗卫星导航系统服务指标要求。     

Hydrological projections of future climate change over the source region of Yellow River and Yangtze River in the Tibetan Plateau: A comprehensive assessment by coupling RegCM4 and VIC model

Understanding climate change impacts on hydrological regime and assessing future water supplies are essential to effective water resources management and planning, which is particularly true for the Tibetan Plateau (TP), one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change. In this study, future climate change in the TP was projected for 2041–2060 by a high‐resolution regional climate model, RegCM4, under 3 representative concentration pathways (RCPs): 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. Response of all key hydrological elements, that is, evapotranspiration, surface run‐off, baseflow, and snowmelt, to future climate in 2 typical catchments, the source regions of Yellow and Yangtze rivers, was further investigated by the variable infiltration capacity microscale hydrological model incorporated with a 2‐layer energy balance snow model and a frozen soil/permafrost algorithm at a 0.25°×0.25° spatial scale. The results reveal that (a) spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature from RegCM4 agree fairly well with the data from China Meteorological Forcing Dataset, indicating that RegCM4 well reproduces historical climatic information and thus is reliable to support future projection; (b) precipitation increase by 0–70% and temperature rise by 1–4 °C would occur in the TP under 3 RCPs. A clear south‐eastern–north‐western spatial increasing gradient in precipitation would be seen. Besides, under RCP8.5, the peak increase in temperature would approach to 4 °C in spring and autumn in the east of the TP; (c) evapotranspiration would increase by 10–60% in 2 source regions due to the temperature rise, surface run‐off and baseflow in higher elevation region would experience larger increase dominantly due to the precipitation increase, and streamflow would display general increases by more than 3% and 5% in the source regions of Yellow and Yangtze rivers, respectively; (d) snowmelt contributes 11.1% and 16.2% to total run‐off in the source regions of Yellow and Yangtze rivers, respectively, during the baseline period. In the source region of Yangtze River, snowmelt run‐off would become more important with increase of 17.5% and 18.3%, respectively, under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 but decrease of 15.0% under RCP8.5.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000–2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.