Geochemical characteristics affecting the cultivation and quality of Longjing Tea

Geochemical environment, landscape and climate conditions are important factors affecting the distribution and quality of agricultural products. Methods and techniques of exploration geochemistry were applied to study geochemical rock and soil characteristics which affect the cultivation and quality of world famous Longjing Tea. The study shows that soil type and its total and bioavailable element content directly affect the quality of Longjing Tea. Geochemical factors can be used in recommending the siting of Longjing Tea plantations to obtain high quality tea, and to assist in tea-garden management.     

生物多样性模型的理论分析

本文首先概括了50年代以来公开发表的27个生物多样性模型和有关专家对其中大多数模型的批评。在此基础上,以使用最广泛的Shannon模型为例,剖析了大多数生物多样性模型不能被成功应用于实践研究的根源所在;以基于分维几何学的物种多样性模型为例,从理论上分析了这种综合生物多样性模型的完备性。并以位于中国东北样带(NECT)东部的温带针阔叶混交林地区的8个样地作为案例,对比分析了Shannon模型大样本要求的局限性和基于分维几何学的综合生物多样性模型的实用性。     

应用于矿产勘查的地下纳米物质

应用于矿产勘查的地下纳米物质刘应汉任天祥汪明启（地质矿产部物化探所，河北廊坊０６５０００））关键词纳米物质地球化学测量矿产勘查收稿日期：１９９６－１２－２４修改稿：１９９７－３－１７第一作者简介：刘应汉男１９６５年生工程师勘查地球化学诞生于９０年代的...     

地理信息系统在评价冀东地区绿岩型金矿资源中的应用

本文应用地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）对冀东地区的地质、地球化学数据和地球物理、遥感解释资料（包括１∶５０万地质图，１∶２０万水系沉积物和１∶１００万地球物理、遥感）的推断成果，进行了综合分析。应用专家知识和统计规律建立起该区以地球化学为主要特征的绿岩型金矿的预测模型，并利用逻辑运算和贝叶斯规则把各种资料（反映绿岩型金矿的特征）有机地结合起来。采用地理信息系统空间分析有效手段，编制出了研究区绿岩型金矿预测图。以概率的形式表示金矿的潜在远景区，明确地证明了区内已知的大中型和小型矿区和高概率区是相符的，同时指示出一些有意义的靶区，为进一步勘探提供了证据     

森林沼泽区样品中有机结合Cu的选择性提取及其应用

对１％ＮａＯＨ提取森林沼泽区样品中有机结合Ｃｕ的有效性进行了初步研究，提出选择性提取介质中有机结合金属不仅可圈定矿化而且可用于研究不同景观区元素表生活动规律，并为区域化探方法的选择提供理论依据。     

吉南玄武岩覆盖区水化学异常查证──以两处金矿化的发现为例

本文通过实例,介绍了吉南玄武岩覆盖区水化学异常查证的化探工作方法。综合研究已有地质条件,认为吉南沿江村、马鹿沟水化学异常地区成矿地质条件有利。结合微景观特点,在沿江异常区2km²范围内应用汞气测量圈出区内断裂构造带展布方向。岩石剖面、土壤测量显示出构造经历过热液矿化活动,矿化体埋藏较深。根据土壤测量结果优选出验证靶区。钻探验证结果在地表620m以下发现了近30m厚的Au矿化体,Au含量最高1.5g/t.马鹿沟水化学异常区使用水系沉积物测量进行异常追踪,迅速缩小了找矿“靶区”.使用重矿物测量在“靶区”内进一步追踪发现了Au矿化源。在此基础上经大比例尺土壤测量辅以岩石剖面测量,圈出了一个有望找到火山岩型浅成热液金矿床的成矿远景区。     

Histological Study on the Skin of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Histological development of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larval skin and ultrastructural difference of skin between reared normal and malpigmented Japanese flounder were studied with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the skin develops slowly before the metamorphosis, while at the onset of metamorphosis, the skin develops quickly and becomes complete in structure till about 50d after being hatched. Ultrastructural observation on the normal and malpigmented skins shows that the iridophore and melanophore are adjacent to each other. Profile and structure of the two kinds of pigment cells are more complete in the skin of normal ocular side than in the skin of pigmented blind side. The ultrastructure of typical chloride cell was observed in the skin of Japanese flounder larvae for the first time.     

An improved HASM method for dealing with large spatial data sets

Surface modeling with very large data sets is challenging. An efficient method for modeling massive data sets using the high accuracy surface modeling method (HASM) is proposed, and HASM_Big is developed to handle very large data sets. A large data set is defined here as a large spatial domain with high resolution leading to a linear equation with matrix dimensions of hundreds of thousands. An augmented system approach is employed to solve the equality-constrained least squares problem (LSE) produced in HASM_Big, and a block row action method is applied to solve the corresponding very large matrix equations. A matrix partitioning method is used to avoid information redundancy among each block and thereby accelerate the model. Experiments including numerical tests and real-world applications are used to compare the performances of HASM_Big with its previous version, HASM. Results show that the memory storage and computing speed of HASM_Big are better than those of HASM. It is found that the computational cost of HASM_Big is linearly scalable, even with massive data sets. In conclusion, HASM_Big provides a powerful tool for surface modeling, especially when there are millions or more computing grid cells.     

A fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling and its applications

We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth's surface system modeling(FTESM). The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region is taken as a case area to conduct empirical studies of algorithms for spatial upscaling, spatial downscaling, spatial interpolation, data fusion and model-data assimilation, which are based on high accuracy surface modelling(HASM), corresponding with corollaries of FTEEM. The case studies demonstrate how eco-environmental surface modelling is substantially improved when both extrinsic and intrinsic information are used along with an appropriate method of HASM. Compared with classic algorithms, the HASM-based algorithm for spatial upscaling reduced the root-meansquare error of the BTH elevation surface by 9 m. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial downscaling reduced the relative error of future scenarios of annual mean temperature by 16%. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial interpolation reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean precipitation by 0.2%. The HASM-based algorithm for data fusion reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean temperature by 70%. The HASM-based algorithm for model-data assimilation reduced the relative error of carbon stocks by 40%. We propose five theoretical challenges and three application problems of HASM that need to be addressed to improve FTEEM.     

Shallow Genetic Structure of Pholis fangi in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea Inferred from mt DNA Control Region

Pholis fangi is an ecologically important fish species inhabiting Chinese coastal waters of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. To investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of P. fangi, a fragment of 487 bp in the first hypervariable region(HVR-1) of the mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA) control region was sequenced for 181 individuals collected from Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. A total of 18 polymorphic sites were detected, which defined 25 haplotypes. A moderate level of haplotype diversity(h = 0.7052) and a low level of nucleotide diversity(π = 0.0028) were detected. Both the phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network showed no significant genealogical structure difference among sampling locations. Pairwise FST comparison and hierarchical molecular variance analysis(AMOVA) revealed that no significant genetic structure difference existed throughout the investigated regions, suggesting a high gene exchange among different populations. The results of neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis indicated that a late Pleistocene population expansion(38000–127000 years ago) happened. Seasonal schooling migration may contribute to the genetically homogeneous population structure of the species.