Field Sampling of Residual Aviation Gasoline in Sandy Soil

Two complementary field sampling methods for the determination of residual aviation gasoline content in the contaminated capillary fringe of a fine, uniform, sandy soil were investigated. The first method featured field extrusion of core barrels into pint-size Mason jars, while the second consisted of laboratory partitioning of intact stainless steel core sleeves. The barrel extrusion procedure involved jar headspace sampling in a nitrogen-filled glove box, which delineated the 0.7m thick residually contaminated interval for subsequent core sleeve withdrawal from adjacent boreholes. Soil samples removed from the Mason jars (in the field) and sleeve segments (in the laboratory) were subjected to methylene chloride extraction and gas chromatographic analysis to compare their aviation gasoline content. The barrel extrusion sampling method yielded a vertical profile with 0.10m resolution over an essentially continuous 5.0m interval from the ground surface to the water table. The sleeve segment alternative yielded a more resolved 0.03m vertical profile over a shorter 0.8m interval through the capillary fringe. The two methods delivered precise estimates of the vertically integrated mass of aviation gasoline at a given horizontal location, and a consistent view of the vertical profile as well. In the latter regard, a 0.2m thick lens of maximum contamination was found in the center of the capillary fringe, where moisture filled all voids smaller than the mean pore size. The maximum peak was resolved by the core sleeve data, but was partially obscured by the barrel extrusion observations, so that replicate barrels or a half-pint Mason jar size should be considered for data supporting vertical transport analyses in the absence of sleeve partitions.     

青藏高原东北侧汛期降水若干问题研究

利用青藏高原东北侧区域平均降水量资料（1958～1997年）和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析500hPa网格资料（2.5°×2.5°?）,分析发现:（1）高原东北侧汛期降水份额最大的7、8、9月3个月近40年降水明显减少,过去明显存在的准3年周期振荡80年代以来处于低潮;（2）日本-北太平洋附近位势高度降低,鄂霍茨克海阻高加强是高原东北侧7、8、9月干旱最典型的标志;（3）就干旱流型而言,7月干旱环流与江淮梅雨环流特征十分相似,表现在江淮多梅雨年,一般是高原东北侧重旱年;（4）高原东北侧7～9月的典型旱年流型,实际就是ElNi?o流型;（5）ElNi?o事件对高原东北侧降水有明显影响,表现在该区域典型少雨年,一般发生于ElNi?o事件当年。从阶段看,以7～9月降水总量与ElNi?o事件相关最为显著,从月际看,尤以9月关系最好。     

干旱逐日动态监测系统的开发应用

针对当前广东省韶关地区干旱灾害缺乏有效动态监测的现状,提出利用日最高气温和降水等区域自动气象站观测资料计算综合气象干旱指数,并结合实际业务需求,开发了软件系统,以图形和表格等形式自动显示干旱灾害的时空分布,实现了气象干旱的逐日动态监测。实际业务使用结果表明,该系统可对干旱灾害实现有效的逐日动态监测预警和评估,对提高干旱监测预警能力,做好干旱防御,提升气象为农服务水平具有实用价值。     

甘肃省肃北县红山铁矿外围找矿新进展

近几年,甘肃省肃北县红山铁矿外围通过地质调查工作,新发现具有进一步工作价值的铁矿点2处,初步评价为大-中型铁矿床。矿体主要赋存于蓟县系平头山组,其产出形态与空间分布受层位及背、向斜构造控制,且深部矿体好于浅部,矿体呈层状、透镜状。勘查区北部罗雅楚山复式向斜内红山铁矿西侧已圈定出长度大于50km的磁异常带,经验证为矿致异常。参照红山铁矿区潜力评价思路及预测成果,该区铁矿资源潜力可达10×108 t以上。通过进一步勘查工作,该地区有望形成大型铁矿资源基地。     

消化系统疾病的气象影响分析和预报

利用统计学方法，结合气象学、预防医学和临床医学原理，对1990～1999年受气象条件影响的消化系统疾病进行分析和分类。利用组合气象要素为因子建立疾病指数逐步回归预报方程，其效果明显优于以独立气象要素为因子的逐步回归预报方程。     

Sediment geochemistry of Lake Daihai,north-central China: implications for catchment weathering and climate change during the Holocene

A 12.87-m-long sediment core was retrieved from closed-basin Lake Daihai in the monsoon–arid transition zone of north-central China. Oxides of major elements and their ratios normalized to Al in the AMS-¹⁴C-dated core were employed to evaluate chemical weathering intensity (CWI) in the lake drainage basin, which reflects hydrothermal conditions in the study area. Lower CWI periods occurred prior to 14.5 ka BP, and during the intervals ca. 11.7–10.3, 3.5–3.2, 2.6–1.7 ka BP, and 1.2–0 ka BP, indicating relatively low temperatures and moisture availability. Greater CWI during the intervening periods ca. 14.5–11.7, 10.3–9.0, 3.2–2.6, and 1.7–1.2 ka BP, with the maximum CWI at ca. 6.7–3.5 ka BP, imply ameliorated hydrothermal conditions in the lake basin, i.e. higher temperatures and precipitation. Exceptionally low CWI, associated with high CaO/MgO ratio during ca. 9.0–6.7 ka BP, suggests higher evaporation rates in the area under warmer temperature. Overall, CWI displays in-phase variations with changes in organic matter (TOC, TN), carbonate (CaCO₃) and pollen assemblages, all of which are related to variations in monsoon effective precipitation. High CWI indicates strong monsoon-induced precipitation, whereas low CWI reflects a weak precipitation regime. The optimum hydrothermal status, recorded by the strongest CWI and maximum monsoon effective precipitation during ca. 6.7–3.5 ka BP defines the Holocene climate optimum (HCO) in the Lake Daihai region. These results indicate that the HCO prevails after the early Holocene in the monsoon–arid transition zone of north-central China. Temperature and precipitation variations during most of the Holocene, inferred from the lake sediments, are due largely to insolation forcing. Dry but warm conditions ca. 9.0–6.7 ka BP, however, probably reflect the complex interactions between insolation and geography (e.g. altitude and local topography).     

2010年夏季北极海冰反照率的观测研究

雪和海冰作为北极地区反照率最高的地表类型,可以将大部分入射辐射能量反射回天空,其表面反照率的变化对整个地表-大气辐射平衡系统和全球气候变化都会有重要影响。在2010年中国第4次北极科学考察期间用ASD光谱仪对北极太平洋扇区不同类型的海冰表面反照率进行了现场测量,观测时段为7月27日至8月23日,地理范围在72°18′-87°20′N和152°34′-178°22′W之间。观测结果表明积雪覆盖海冰的反照率最高,干雪覆盖时均值达到0.82,融化的湿雪覆盖时反照率会有一定程度地降低。夏季北极地区存在大量融池,融池海冰按颜色划分为白冰,蓝冰和灰冰,白冰的平均反照率为0.54,蓝冰的为0.31,灰冰的只有0.20,融池水的反照率只有0.16。融池是北极夏季反照率变化的重要原因。     

筑坝对山区河流碳动力学的影响

流域的地貌和气候特征及干流筑坝等是影响河流碳动力学的主要因素。本文对干流下游筑坝的华南山地丘陵区河流增江的碳循环过程做了系统研究。结果表明,山地丘陵为主的流域地貌特征提高了增江河流碳的输出通量;而亚热带湿润气候和较高的森林覆盖率以及缺乏碳酸盐岩的流域地质背景使得溶解有机碳（DOC）构成增江河流碳的主要成分;光化学分解可以解释在秋季较强紫外线辐射下河水较低的DOC含量。受大坝影响河段水流速度的变缓为水生生物量的增加提供了条件,使得颗粒有机碳（POC）中来源于水生生物量的贡献率上升、有机物的C/N比降低。流速变缓的河道中藻类的生长导致水体CO₂分压低于大气中的CO₂分压。增江流域DOC和POC的输出通量分别为25.08×10⁵g/km²·a和11.58×10⁵g/km²·a。本文为研究自然因素和人类活动对河流碳循环过程及通量的影响提供了一个典型案例。

     

安达曼海中尺度涡季节变化分析

利用 AVISO 提供的中尺度涡数据集,对1993–2019年间安达曼海中尺度涡的涡旋特征、运动规律及其季节变化机制进行统计分析。结果显示,27年间安达曼海共出现中尺度涡328个,其中反气旋涡（171个）多于气旋涡（157个）,主要分布在中西部盆地深水区。涡旋平均寿命为46.4 d,平均半径为111.8 km,平均振幅为4.7 cm,平均最大转速为24.8 cm/s,平均移动速度为15.0 cm/s,反气旋涡的平均半径、振幅和转速均大于气旋涡,而移动速度小于气旋涡。涡旋的半径、振幅和最大转速在其生命周期中都经历了先增大后减小的过程,移动速度则先减小后增大。在季节变化方面,反气旋涡和气旋涡性质冬夏对比呈现“跷跷板”现象,即夏季气旋涡比反气旋涡更多更强更大,冬季则反气旋涡更多更强更大;涡旋分布位置,夏季从北向南呈“气旋–反气旋–气旋”的极性反转交替分布,冬季则与之相反。动力机制分析显示,背景流场涡度可能影响安达曼海涡旋极性交替分布,正（负）涡度背景流利于气旋（反气旋）涡存在。涡旋能量变化机制显示,风强迫是安达曼海涡旋主要能量来源,风场能量输入与涡旋动能的季节变化吻合。