Effect of Shale Reservoir Characteristics on Shale Oil Movability in the Lower Third Member of the Shahejie Formation,Zhanhua Sag

To reveal the effect of shale reservoir characteristics on the movability of shale oil and its action mechanism in the lower third member of the Shahejie Formation(Es3l), samples with different features were selected and analyzed using N2 adsorption, high-pressure mercury injection capillary pressure(MICP), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), high-speed centrifugation, and displacement image techniques. The results show that shale pore structure characteristics control shale oil movability directly. Movable oil saturation has a positive relationship with pore volume for radius > 2 μm, as larger pores often have higher movable oil saturation, indicating that movable oil is present in relatively larger pores. The main reasons for this are as follows. The relatively smaller pores often have oil-wetting properties because of organic matter, which has an unfavorable effect on the flow of oil, while the relatively larger pores are often wetted by water, which is helpful to shale oil movability. The rich surface provided by the relatively smaller pores is beneficial to the adsorption of immovable oil. Meanwhile, the relatively larger pores create significant pore volume for movable oil. Moreover, the larger pores often have good pore connectivity. Pores and fractures are interconnected to form a complex fracture network, which provides a good permeability channel for shale oil flow. The smaller pores are mostly distributed separately;thus, they are not conducive to the flow of shale oil. The mineral composition and fabric macroscopically affect the movability of shale oil. Calcite plays an active role in shale oil movability by increasing the brittleness of shale and is more likely to form micro-cracks under the same stress background. Clay does not utilize shale oil flow because of its large specific surface area and its block effect. The bedding structure increases the large-scale storage space and improves the connectivity of pores at different scales, which is conducive to the movability of shale oil.     

辽河三角洲滨海湿地水域初级生产力研究进展

滨海湿地位于海洋与陆地生态系统的交错过渡带,具有极高的生产力和光合固碳效率,是海岸带蓝色碳汇的重要组成部分。滨海湿地生产力不仅由芦苇、翅碱蓬、红树林等陆上植被提供,水体中浮游植物的光合固碳也是提供初级生产力的重要途径。以往较多的调查和研究集中在陆上植被,而对于滨海湿地水域浮游植物和底栖微藻的报道较少。近年来随着各国政府和学者对二氧化碳排放和气候变化的关注,滨海湿地多圈层生态系统的碳循环和碳汇过程成为研究热点,而湿地水域生产力和光合固碳过程作为多圈层碳循环中重要的一个环节亦应受到足够的重视。以中国北方典型的盐沼湿地区域——辽河三角洲滨海湿地为案例,对湿地水域生产力研究进展进行综述,并对其影响因素进行讨论,以期为国家碳循环与碳中和目标调查提供参考资料。     

江苏盐城滨海湿地净生态系统碳交换量模拟参数选择

滨海湿地净生态系统碳交换量受到多种环境因素的影响,在进行滨海湿地净碳交换量估算建模时,参数的选择至关重要,如何合理地选择输入参数不仅对于估算结果的精度有影响,同时也会影响预测模型的适用性。本研究使用了Pearson、Spearman、距离相关系数、最大互信息相关系数4种相关系数来计算各个环境因素与净碳交换量之间的相关性,基于相关系数来选择最佳的输入参数组合。利用实际测得的江苏盐城盐沼湿地数据,依次选择各个相关性中最高的8个参数组合,基于卷积神经网络对江苏盐城滨海湿地NEE进行建模,得到了4个预测模型,并使用均方根误差和平均绝对值误差来进行模型精度的验证。研究表明,使用基于最大互信息系数得到的参数组合进行滨海湿地NEE建模时模型的精度最好,误差最小;净光合有效辐射,净辐射,地表辐射与NEE在4个相关系数中都属于强相关,表明这一类辐射类参数对滨海湿地NEE的影响要大于其他参数;各参数与NEE之间的关系既包含线性关系也包含非线性关系,传统的单一线性分析手段无法完整准确地反应各个环境参数与NEE之间的响应关系;基于卷积神经网络的滨海湿地NEE预测模型在精度上要优于其它同类型模型,这表明使用该模型在进行NEE预测建模时具有很好的适用性。     

滨海湿地咸水冲淡驱动机理

海陆界面水体相互作用研究是当代国际海岸带生态水文学的热点。滨海湿地的生态水文环境脆弱,浅层地下水及盐度梯度变化对其生长和发育起着控制作用。咸水冲淡驱动力主要是地下水动力作用、盐度驱动下的水化学运动作用和海洋潮汐作用的叠加效应。通过国内外学者近30年的研究成果分析了滨海湿地咸水冲淡研究程度及进展情况,认为掌握咸水冲淡驱动机理及水盐运移行为,对于合理选择相应有效的滨海湿地保护和水文修复措施是十分重要的。国际上已有的相关研究较多,而国内相关研究相对较少。     

一种基于双平面扫描方式的双能静态CT系统

静态CT技术相较于传统的螺旋CT,在扫描速度上有着革命性的优势,这使得其在行李安检等领域有着巨大的应用前景。目前,要实现静态CT系统的实际应用,需要解决几何尺寸误差标定、有限角重建、双能投影数据匹配等一系列实际问题。本文提出了一种基于分布式X射线源和双平面扫描方式的双能静态CT系统。该系统采用碳纳米管冷阴极射线管,实现X射线源的高速启停;并采用双平面扫描方式,提高投影数据的覆盖角度以减小伪影,并通过采集双能投影数据实现物质识别。本文详细介绍该静态CT系统的系统设计、几何校正及成像方法等内容。实际实验结果显示该系统可对箱包及其内部物体进行三维成像,获得较为理想的形状及材料信息,在行李安检领域具有较高的实际应用价值。     

基于激光扫描点云的隧道断面提取方法

传统断面测量方法存在效率低、精度差等特点,为优化断面测量方法,提出利用地面激光点云提取断面的方法。其主要包括:中轴线拟合、点云分割、断面提取三步骤。在基于点云双向投影确定初始中轴线的基础上,运用弦高偏移算法,提取骨架特征拐点,对中轴线分段再次拟合,获取二次中轴线;点云分割是基于隧道中轴线进行的,对隧道的点云数据进行连续分割,对截取的断面进行椭圆拟合。实验表明,通过此方法快速提取中轴线上任意位置的断面。     

地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象与地震孕育过程

利用现有地电阻率观测资料,探索提出了新的无量纲地电前兆因子————地电阻率各向异性度(S),研究了孕震过程中地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象特征．结果表明,孕震过程中,地电阻率各向异性度显示出由正常异常强化（幅度、范围） 异常弱化 发震 正常的过程．地震发生于S强化后期转为弱化的时段及S异常区的边缘梯度带上．地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象,反映了孕震过程中构造应力场的变化．因而,可以通过地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象跟踪地震孕育发生过程,服务于地震短临预报．      

在确定建筑物基础抗浮设防水位时应注意的一些问题

建筑物基础抗浮水压力主要受基底所在地层的地下水位控制。在有多层地下水的场地 ,预测最高地下水位时 ,宜分层预测     

Flood assessment and early warning of the reoccurrence of river blockage at the Baige landslide

On 10th Oct.and 3rd Nov.2018,two successive landslides occurred in the Jinsha River catchment at Baige Village,Tibet Autonomous Region,China.The landslides blocked the major river and formed the barrier lake,which finally caused the huge flood disaster loss.The hillslope at Baige landslide site has been still deforming after the 2018 slidings,which is likely to fail and block the Jinsha River again in the future.Therefore the investigation of 2018 flood disaster at the Baige landslide is of a great significance to provide a classic case for flood assessment and early warning for the future disaster.The detailed survey revealed that the outstanding inundations induced bank collapse disasters upstream the Baige landslide dams,and the field investigations and hydrological simulation suggested that the downstream of the Baige landslide were seriously flooded due to the two periods of the outburst floods.On these bases,the early warning process of potential outburst floods at the Baige landslide was advised,which contains four stages:Outburst Flood Simulating Stage,Outburst Flood Fore-casting Stage,Emergency Plan and Emergency Evacuation Stage.The study offers a con-ceptual model for the mitigation of landslides and flood disasters in the high-relief mountain-ous region in Tibet.     

The Role of Local Knowledge in the Risk Management of Extreme Climates in Local Communities: A Case Study in a Nomadic NIAHS Site

In the context of climate change, research on extreme climates and disaster risk management has become a crucial component of climate change adaptation. Local communities, which have been facing extreme climates for a long time in their production and daily life, have developed some locally applicable traditional knowledge that has played an important role in their adaptation to extreme climate and disaster risk management. Therefore, this research aims to link Local knowledge (LK) to community extreme climate disaster risk management in order to construct a conceptual model. It then takes the extreme climate adaptation strategy of traditional nomads in a temperate grassland of China as an example to analyze the role of LK in extreme climate adaptation using the proposed theoretical framework. The main research objectives of this study are: (1) To construct a conceptual model to illustrate the relations among extreme climate events, risk management, LK, and farmers' adaptation strategies; (2) To apply the theoretical framework to a field case to reveal context-specific extreme climate adaptation mechanisms with LK as a critical component; (3) To test the framework and provide suggestions for the extreme climates adaptation, and the conservation of LK related to climate change adaptation. The results show that from the perspective of disaster risk management, local communities could manage extreme climates as a disaster risk through adaptation strategies formed from LK, because as a knowledge system, LK contains relevant knowledge covering the whole process of disaster risk management.