利用层析成像方法反演近地表速度模型

由于地表条件复杂和近地表速度变化显著给近地表速度模型的反演工作带来了很大的困难。层析成像方法可以较好地模拟介质横向和纵向的速度变化,能同时考虑直达波、透射波、回折波、折射波等初至波,为确定近地表速度结构提供了有效的工具。主要介绍了层析成像的方法原理,并应用此方法反演了实际地震探区的近地表速度模型,取得了良好的应用效果。     

自动雨量站降雨资料质量评估方法研究

利用19种不同型号的自动雨量站2005年6—9月在北京 (54511)、宜昌 (57461) 和南京 (58238) 3站的实测对比观测资料, 进行降雨资料质量评估, 不同的评估方法将会导致评估结果的差异。结果表明:采用自动气象站降雨资料和雨量筒人工定时观测记录作为降雨量参考标准对自动雨量站进行评估时, 由于降雨量参考标准本身存在的不确定性, 或多或少影响了评估结果的准确性。在广泛试验的基础上, 提出了采用基于各自动雨量站观测结果的拟合降雨量作为降雨量参考标准的新思路, 并对拟合降雨量的可行性、适用性以及计算方法进行了详细论述。     

非静力平衡下中小尺度扰动的不稳定发展

本文采用非静力平衡模式,使用摄动方法研究了里查逊数与中小尺度扰动的稳定性的关系。在零级近似和一级近似下,对称不稳定判据依次为RiF;在零级近似下斜压不稳定判据为Ri<-_(k2)~8     

EAWM流型域——一种与东亚冬季风异常相联的海-气耦合流型域

提出海-气耦合流型域的概念,并探讨了与东亚冬季风异常有关的耦合流型域——EAWM 流型域。本文得出如下结果: 利用ECMWF分析资料10年的冬半年500 hPa高度场和同期COADS资料SST场,在SVD分析和聚类分析的基础上确定了三个海-气耦合流型域。第一个和第二个耦合流型域以ENSO事件冷暖位相与北太平洋/北美区的正负位相PNA型之间的关系为主要特征。第三个耦合流型域,即EAWM流型域则以强东亚冬季风环流型以及类似于La Ni?a事件冷暖分布却有明显区别的SSTA型为主要特征。数值试验结果表明,EAWM流型域的SSTA型,作为强迫,有利于东亚冬季风活动的加强并导致对应的大气型。数值试验同样证实,与强东亚冬季风活动相联系的EAWM流型域的大气型,作为强迫,可以导致该耦合流型域海温异常型的形成和维持。EAWM流型域的SSTA型和大气型间的这种双向相互作用导致正反馈过程,从而展示了该耦合流型域形成的主要特征,即以强东亚冬季风活动衔接的热带海-气相互作用以及热带内外大气相互作用。     

Prediction of Extreme Significant Wave Height from Daily Maxima

For prediction of the extreme significant wave height in the ocean areas where long term wave data are not available, the empirical method of extrapolating short term data (1-3 years) is used in design practice. In this paper two methods are proposed to predict extreme significant wave height based on short-term daily maxima. According to the da-a recorded by the Oceanographic Station of Liaodong Bay at the Bohai Sea, it is supposed that daily maximum wave heights are statistically independent. The data show that daily maximum wave heights obey log-normal distribution, and that the numbers of daily maxima vary from year to year, obeying binomial distribution. Based on these statistical characteristics, the binomial-log-normal compound extremum distribution is derived for prediction of extreme significant wave heights (50-100 years). For examination of its accuracy and validity, the prediction of extreme wave heights is based on 12 years' data at this station, and based on each 3 years' data respectively     

基于SAR图像的海洋溢油分割方法研究

目前,海洋溢油污染在发生频率、分布范围以及所带来的危害程度上均居海洋污染首位。它对沿海城市生态、环境、经济的可持续发展造成严重破坏,因此越来越受到全社会的广泛关注。从众多海洋溢油分割方法中选取边缘检测算子和种子填充算法对SAR图像进行分割。首先运用欧空局的BEST软件进行数据转换以及图像预处理,然后使用ENVI软件对图像进行滤波处理。再用ERDAS软件进行灰度均衡和分割算法的实施,并针对算法的一些缺陷,进一步加入纹理分析使图像中的油膜与类油膜以及海水与海浪等更好的区分开。最后对不同的图像效果进行总结和比较。     

海水BOD快速测量技术研究

本文在分析淡水BOD快速测量技术基础上，对快速测量方法中：生物膜光纤传感器法、微生物膜电极法和生物反应器法进行了比较，生物反应器法具有：直接从水样中培养复合生物菌群；菌群的活性由系统自动调节外部条件来保证等特点，在培养出耐盐微生物菌群和进一步提高仪器检测灵敏度的条件下，可以应用于海水BOD快速测量。     

Using Geochemical Method to Distinguish Lateral Migration and Vertical Migration in Rifted Basin:A Case Study from Eastern Lujiapu Depression in the Kailu Basin,NE China

Migration fractionation diagnosis is complicated in rifted basins where migration distance is generally short and lateral migration in sandy beds and vertical migration along faults are co-existed. Quantitative data from GC-MS analysis makes it possible to distinguish lateral and vertical migration effects. Oils discovered from the Jiaolige oilfield, eastern Lujiapu Depression are derived from single source rock with similar maturity, which is an ideal case to study the migration fractionation effects. Compositional differences among oils are largely caused by the migration fractionation either laterally in sand beds or vertically along the faults. Subtle maturity differences are assessed by the classic saturated hydrocarbon parameters which have certain influence on nitrogen compounds. In a certain maturity range, the ratios of shield and semi-shield isomers to the exposed isomers of alkylcarbazoles change with maturity in an opposite direction with migration fractionation, which may conceal the migration influence. However, migration and maturation have the same effects on absolute concentrations of alkylated carbazoles and benzocarbazole [a]/（[a]＋[c]） ratios, which provides an ideal tool for migration direction assessment. Continuous variations among different samples reflect increased migration distance in sandy beds, while abrupt changes may indicate the change of migration conduit systems. Integrated both geochemical interpretation and geological constrains, not only migration direction can be determined, but also the conduit systems through the sandy beds or the faults can be recognized.     

Spatio-temporal variation of stable isotopes of river waters, water source identification and water security in the Heishui Valley (China) during the dry-season

Spatial variations of δD and δ¹⁸O among seven tributaries and their water sources were investigated in the Heishui Valley of the Yangtze River, China during the dry-season in 2004. A one-way ANOVA (analysis of variation) test showed that both δD (p?18O (p?=?0.045) spatially varied among the seven tributaries. The plot of δ¹⁸O versus δD for the river water collected at different locations showed that isotopic fractionation occurred during the snow and glacial melting process. The depleted δ¹⁸O and δD in the tributary waters distributed above the local meteoric water line (LMWL) suggested that the glacial and early snowpack meltwater largely recharged these streams during the early spring. The meltwater was isotopically distinguishable from the precipitation and river water, which had been evaporated during warmer and drier times. If glaciers and snow accumulation diminish with future climate warming, the recharge of these tributaries’ baseflow will decline and the security of the water resource in this watershed will be threatened.