A field-scale long-term study on radionuclide transport through weathered granites at a site in southern China

A regional strategy for safety disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes (LILW) has been implemented in China to protect humans and the environment. A joint onsite and laboratory investigation was conducted for a field site in southern China to assess the probability for safe disposal of LILW, which requires the understanding of long-term radionuclide transport behaviors under field conditions. This study presents the field-scale modeling of radionuclide transport through weathered granites for a conservative, a weakly sorbing and a strongly sorbing tracer by incorporating laboratory and field data. The field-scale radionuclide transport model was developed on the basis of a validated long-term groundwater flow model and field-measured dispersion coefficient, as well as laboratory-characterized strontium and cesium distribution coefficients in the weathered granites. The model was then used to perform the long-term transport prediction and risk assessment of radionuclide pollution for both the natural site setting and the graded site setting. Model simulation reveals that the numerical sensitivities of calculated concentrations are tracer dependent and changing with time. The conservative radionuclide is most sensitive to changes in hydraulic conductivity (K) while slightly sensitive to changes in effective porosity (φ), specific yield (μ) and longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D _L), indicating advection is the main transport process of conservative radionuclide. The weakly and strongly sorbing tracers, on the other hand, are most sensitive to changes in the distribution coefficient (K _d) and less sensitive to changes in the rest of model parameters, revealing that sorption is the main process for controlling the transport of sorbing tracers. A conservative radionuclide plume moves at an average velocity of about 54 m/a, which is too fast to be considered as safe disposal under the natural site setting. However, the plume of the conservative radionuclide could be slowed down to a velocity around 5.3 m/a due to the reduction of the hydraulic gradient under the graded site setting. Therefore, the conservative radioactive wastes could be disposed at the mid-eastern part of the site under the graded site setting because the transport path has been prolonged and thus no conservative radionuclides could migrate out of the site in a reasonable timeframe. For the sorbing tracers, however, results of the computed transport distance are 40 and 2 m at 500 years, respectively. Therefore, they can be disposed safely at the site under both natural and graded site settings. This study provides an insight to the field-scale long-term behaviors of radionuclide transport. The integrated modeling method presented in this study is most useful for the environmental impact assessment of the site conditions relevant to the safe disposal of hazardous wastes.     

华北水资源年代际变化及其与全球变暖之间的关联

本文利用1951～2011 年期间中国台站资料、东亚地区的探空资料、NCEP/NCAR 和ERA40 等大气再分析资料,通过对水分平衡方程诊断探讨了华北地区过去60 年中水资源和可利用降水量的变化特征及其与大尺度环流变化之间的关系。结果发现,华北地区69%的降水量被蒸发,可利用降水仅仅为降水量的31%。夏季可利用降水是华北水资源的主要来源,华北夏季可利用降水量在80 年代初发生突变减少,进入21 世纪初,伴随蒸发量的增加该地区可利用降水量进一步减少。西风带水汽与东亚夏季风水汽是华北可利用降水的主要来源。NCAR/NCEP 和EAR40 再分析资料的结果均显示贝加尔湖一带的位势高度偏低和西太平洋高压的偏强有利于该地区降水增多。利用探空资料进一步证明,蒙古以及贝加尔湖地区的温度在对流层低层变暖和位势高度场的加强导致了过去几十年华北可利用降水量减少。由于贝加尔湖地区温度变化与全球变暖存在密切关联,监测该地区温度的变化对预测华北水资源和东亚夏季风的长期变化具有重要的意义。     

与CT机配套的便携式控温压力舱的研制与应用

针对冻土CT扫描试验中存在的温度扰动、荷载变化等技术问题,研制了与CT机配套的便携式三端控温压力舱. 通过该仪器能真正实现在CT扫描实验中无损动态观测,并能保证温度场的均匀恒定. 在持续加载过程中进行CT扫描,从而使得土样各个阶段的变化能被真实、连续反映,做到细观结构变化与宏观变量有机联系起来,极大地提升了科研技术水平.     

冻土动力学参数研究的成果综述与展望

通过对前人的试验成果进行整理, 得到冻土动力学参数随温度、频率、应变幅、含水量和围压等因素的整体变化规律. 整体上看, 冻土的动弹性模量和动剪切模量随温度的降低而增大、随荷载振动频率的增加而增大、随动应变幅的增加而减小、随含水量的增加先增大后减小、随围压的增加而增大; 冻土的泊松比随温度的降低而增大; 冻土的阻尼比随温度的降低而减小, 随频率、应变幅、含水量、围压的变化规律性不强. 通过对试验条件和数值模拟时的实际工况对比分析, 给出如下建议: 动弹性模量和动剪切模量的预估适合用两段式线性模型, -5℃可以作为两段式的分界点; 列车荷载作用下冻土的动力响应属于小应变幅的振动, 冻土动力学参数应选择波速法的试验结果.     

雷达个例资料整编批处理技术与业务应用

在新一代天气雷达业务观测中,采用降水观测模式2,一天有近240个基数据和约有7200个数据产品。由于基数据和数据产品文件名与资料整编文件名格式上的差异很大,如果仅依靠人工进行整编,不仅文件多、信息量大,而且文件的重命名、校对审核尤为困难。系统地介绍了雷达个例资料整编的关键技术和解决方案,通过计算机实现了文件命名的自动批处理,采用向导式任务处理技术实现了雷达个例资料整编的自动化、批量化、流程化和标准化。     

准噶尔盆地车拐地区红车断裂带封闭性评价

本次研究采用断面正应力大小、泥岩削刮比(SGR)、断裂带充填物泥质含量(Rm)和断面紧闭指数等定量参数,对车拐地区红车断裂封闭性进行了详细评价。结果显示泥岩削刮比(SGR)均值为0.6,断裂带充填物泥质含量(Rm)均值为0.51,泥质充填程度较高,断面正应力大小变化不大,为69.54~73.11MPa,整体较大,紧闭指数为1.28~8.25,均值为3.98。从而认为准噶尔盆地车拐地区红车断裂带二叠系及三叠系封闭性较好,侏罗系封闭性差。红车断裂带中部、北部断层封闭性较好,而发育于浅部乌尔禾组、三工河组内的小断层在现今及油气成藏期的封闭性也普遍较好。     

横岭关铜矿床地球化学研究

对横岭关铜矿床中稀土元素、同位素和矿物包裹体地球化学研究表明，矿床形成温度为３５０℃±３０℃；压力为３８×１０~５Ｐａ～２４０×１０~５Ｐａ；盐度为３０ｗｔ％～４２ｗｔ％；ｌｏｇｆｏ_２为－３０．４１～－３１．４７；ｌｏｇｆｓ_２为－５．４～－８；ｐＨ值为７．３；ｌｏｇｆｃｏ_２为－２．４９；铜的溶解度（ｌｏｇｍ_（Ｃｕ））为－５．８７～－２．２１。围岩的铅－铅同位素年龄为１７７５×１０~６ａ，矿石的铅－铅同位素年龄为１８４５×１０~６ａ；矿石硫同位素组成，δ~（３４）Ｓ为－８．１‰～３６．９‰，显示出硫同位素为非平衡特征；碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成，δ~（１３）Ｃ为－７．１‰～－２．６‰，δ~（１３）Ｃ_（∑Ｃ）为－５．３‰；成矿流体的氢氧同位素组成具有变质热卤水的特点，认为该矿床属于变质热卤水成矿。     

宁夏强沙尘暴形成机制的探索和研究

宁夏沙尘暴天气主要发生于每年的３～５月，其中４月份出现频数最高，是此类天气发生及预报的关键期。影响宁夏的强沙尘暴天气的强冷空气主要取道于乌鲁木齐—哈密—野马街—酒泉＿贺兰山西侧这一沙漠通道上；而当强冷空气急行东南下时，地面冷高压不断发展、加强和整体东移是产生强沙尘暴天气的必要条件。春季西北地区变化剧烈的热力条件是中小尺度天气系统发展和上下层冷暖空气交换的主要物理原因之一，同时也是强沙尘暴、沙尘暴天气日变化明显的关键所在。诊断分析认为，正是在极有利的大尺度环境、高空干冷急流和强垂直风速、风向切变及强热力不稳定层结条件下，引起锋区前后的巨大压、温梯度。在动量下传和梯度偏差风及高空强大下击暴流的共同作用下，使近地层风速陡升，掀起地表沙尘，形成强沙尘暴天气     

山东省泰安台压容差应变观测排除干扰研究

泰安台压容差应变仪１９９１年投入观测以来，为确保资料正常、连续，对井上仪器，探头引线及井下探头３个环节的干扰因素进行了排除工作。整点值资料已连续４年，缺数不超过４８小时，采用多种方法判定异常，发现改进的多道维纳滤波方法处理的资料，对４００ｋｍ范围内的中旨地震有明显的异常显示。