Differential citizenship in the shadow state

State restructuring through decentralization, privatization, and related processes has prompted the growth of the non-profit sector as a `shadow state' increasingly responsible for social service delivery and community development. In this context, the question arises as to how citizenship, defined as inclusion in a polity through the distribution of rights and resources, is realized within the shadow state. If non-profit organizations are assuming functions of the state but access to the shadow state is unevenly distributed, the result may be selective disenfranchisement or differential citizenship. This paper examines the nature of differential access to citizenship within the shadow state by looking at the practices and contexts of non-profit community development corporations (CDCs) in the city of Newark, New Jersey. The shadow state is affected by structural and contextual influences including financial, policy, and political factors that produce differential organizational capacity, uneven spatial coverage, client selectivity, inadequate program support, unrecognized need, and unconsidered clients' preferences. These contextualized practices in turn result in differential access to citizenship in the shadow state. Solutions to the problem of differential citizenship require improvements in the structural and contextual conditions influencing the scope and capacity of the non-profit sector.     

Development Optimization and Uncertainty Analysis Methods for Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Uncertainty complicates the development optimization of oil and gas exploration and production projects, but methods have been devised to analyze uncertainty and its impact on optimal decision-making. This paper compares two methods for development optimization and uncertainty analysis: Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and stochastic programming. Two example problems for a gas field development and an oilfield development are solved and discussed to elaborate the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Development optimization involves decisions regarding the configuration of initial capital investment and subsequent operational decisions. Uncertainty analysis involves the quantification of the impact of uncertain parameters on the optimum design concept. The gas field development problem is designed to highlight the differences in the implementation of the two methods and to show that both methods yield the exact same optimum design. The results show that both MC optimization and stochastic programming provide unique benefits, and that the choice of method depends on the goal of the analysis. While the MC method generates more useful information, along with the optimum design configuration, the stochastic programming method is more computationally efficient in determining the optimal solution. Reservoirs comprise multiple compartments and layers with multiphase flow of oil, water, and gas. We present a workflow for development optimization under uncertainty for these reservoirs, and solve an example on the design optimization of a multicompartment, multilayer oilfield development.     

盐湖学的研究与展望

人类对盐湖的认识与开发利用历史悠久，例如开采盐湖食盐，可追溯至距今4600年前，此阶段称为盐湖研发萌芽阶段。以近代科技理论方法对盐湖研究与开发大致可划分为3个阶段：①大约19世纪末至20世纪初，以物理化学为主导的石盐、碱、硼小规模开发阶段；②20世纪中期至60年代，暂称为传统地质学、生物学和化工研究与中小规模无机盐开发阶段；③20世纪70年代以来现代地质学、生物学、化学和化工等多学科研究以及大规模无机盐、盐生物、疗养一旅游综合利用与深加工阶段。但是，不少问题依然存在，如单学科研究而较少相互融合，盐湖资源“单打一”勘查开发现象还较多，已开发的盐湖环境和资源有不少受到不同程度破坏等。盐湖学提出与建立，既是基于盐湖与盐境综合性自然资源特点和盐湖科学自身研究开发的历程，也是有其国内外科技与经济发展需求的背景。盐湖学是一门新的基础性、综合性应用学科，它注重用多学科综合集成研究盐湖，这有利于全面揭示古今盐湖的成因与演化规律，有利于综合评价和充分发掘盐湖多元资源效益，所以它有别于传统的单学科研究模式。它注重盐湖与其盐体系基础研究与应用工程技术相结合，避免时有发生的两者相互脱节现象，从而形成相互衔接的“一条龙”研究模式，这为发展绿色盐湖产业、盐境保护与盐湖区可持续发展提供科学支撑。     

西藏中部扎西错布晚更新世晚期微体古生物与环境变化初步研究

西藏中部扎西错布东岸T1剖面厚639cm,含6属11种介形类和1属2种以上轮藻类。据其在地层中的分布特征划分出8个生物组合,各组合间的差异表现在介形类动物群的丰度、分异度和每个种的丰度变化,根据生物属种生态特征和组合变化探讨湖区大约18653～13144aBP生态环境及气候变化情况如下:①约18653～17239aBP,湖区气候较干(冷),湖面收缩下降,湖水有一定含盐度(可能达中盐水18‰),其间有波动:18309～17809aBP,气候曾一度暖湿,湖面扩大,水质淡化;②约17239～13920aBP,气候较暖湿,水质含盐度降低,其间有气候波动,分别在16506～15213aBP和15213～13963aBP时段偏干(冷)和偏湿冷,相应地其水质含盐度增加或减小;③13920～13144aBP,气候突变,湖泊环境突然恶化,介形类灭绝,仅剩下对气候环境反应滞后的轮藻类低等植物。     

A type curve approach to estimatingp for ap-normal transformation

The p-normal transformation plays an important role in reservoir characterization for data sets that are neither normally nor log-normally distributed. The key step in the transformation is to estimate the value of pfor a given data set. Even though there are several ways to determine p,these are more inconvenient than the quicker and easier type curve approach to estimate pwe present in this paper. In addition, the method provides the p-normal transformation with a visual interpretation. We demonstrate the technique by analyzing reservoir permeability and porosity data from the East Velma West Block Sims Sand Unit, Oklahoma.     

东北三省城市人居活动网络结构及影响因素分析——基于百度贴吧分析

人居活动是城市网络的根本,探究城市人居活动网络结构对促进区域协调发展具有重要的实践意义。论文利用百度贴吧数据分析城市人居活动,运用社会网络分析法等研究方法探究城市人居活动网络体系,并通过QAP论文相关及回归分析对城市人居活动网络结构影响因素进行初步分析。结果表明：① 整体网络方面,人居活动区域联系密度为95.99%,东北三省城市之间普遍存在联系;城市联系类型可划分为全域型、普遍型、较多型、一般型以及较少型五种类型;② 层级结构方面,东北三省省内人居活动网络层级较为明显,区域范围内尚未形成主导型城市及次级主导型城市;③ 城市体系方面,省内人居活动网络体系较为完备,形成了较为明显的城市网络体系;④ 影响因素方面,旅游资源、行政关系、空间邻近及收入水平对城市人居活动网络结构产生显著影响。     

Work schedules on lowland farms in southern New Zealand from the late colonial period to the 1930s

Details of two‐way flows of primary products, implements, labour, information and finance drawn from runs of farm diaries, stock and station agents’ records, and newspaper articles were used to analyse work schedules on three comparable properties between 1874 and 1930, and to track the development of mixed cropping and livestock farming in southern New Zealand when draught horses were giving way to either steam or internal combustion engines as the prime source of motive power. The earliest records are for two farms in the late 19th century, and the most recent are for a third property in the 1920s.     

关于黄丰明等的论文“淡水磷监测中钼酸铵分光光度法的改进”的撤稿声明

<正>Retraction notice for"HUANG Fengming et al.Improvement of the ammonium molybdatespectrophotometric method for phosphorus monitoring in freshwater.J Lake Sci,2016,28(6):1404-1410.DOI:10.18307/2016.0626"日前有读者举报,黄丰明等的论文"淡水磷监测中钼酸铵分光光度法的改进.湖泊科学,2016,     

光释光测年和孢粉分析揭示的晚冰期以来科尔沁沙地演化过程

利用光释光测年技术对科尔沁沙地的7个风成砂-砂质古土壤剖面进行年代测试,结合地层和孢粉分析得到晚冰期以来科尔沁沙地的演化过程如下:16~10 ka B.P.,风成砂出现,沙地活化;10~3 ka B.P.,砂质古土壤发育,沙地固定;约3 ka B.P.前后,风成砂出现,沙地活化;3 ka B.P.至今,多层弱发育砂质古土壤和风成砂的交替出现,指示晚全新世科尔沁沙地的多次固定与活化;从约4~2 ka B.P.,沙地环境由草甸草原逐渐退化为典型草原。分析表明,3 ka B.P.以前科尔沁沙地的演化完全受气候变化的控制,之后(尤其是辽代以后)人类活动的影响日益增强。     

东北三省城市拟态与现实人居环境时空耦合协调特征与机制

单一形态的现实人居环境研究,不能合理诠释人地关系地域系统下日益变化的人居环境现象.目前,不同形态人居环境相互作用的理论基础、实践探索以及科学决策等问题并不清晰.建构城市拟态与现实人居环境耦合协调的理论框架,运用耦合协调模型、空间趋势分析、地理探测器等实证分析2011-2017年东北三省34个地级市耦合协调的时空规律,并...