内蒙古临河区地下水补径排特征及动态变化规律

查明地下水的补给、径流、排泄特征及动态变化规律,可为地下水资源开发与保护提供科学依据。通过长期观测内蒙古临河区地下水变化,综合研究前人资料,分析该区地下水补给、径流和排泄特征及动态变化规律。该区属于河套灌区,人类灌溉活动对地下水的补给占全部补给量的65.5%;人工开采及排干沟排泄等人为因素排泄占排泄总量的67.7%。通过分析该区年内地下水动态变化趋势,认为该区灌溉区地下水位动态与灌溉活动一致,城区地下水位动态主要受人工开采活动影响。     

Bedload transport and bed resistance associated with density and turbidity currents

Turbidity currents in the ocean are driven by suspended sediment. Yet results from surveys of the modern sea floor and turbidite outcrops indicate that they are capable of transporting as bedload and depositing particles as coarse as cobble sizes. While bedload cannot drive turbidity currents, it can strongly influence the nature of the deposits they emplace. This paper reports on the first set of experiments which focus on bedload transport of granular material by density underflows. These underflows include saline density flows, hybrid saline/turbidity currents and a pure turbidity current. The use of dissolved salt is a surrogate for suspended mud which is so fine that it does not settle out readily. Thus, all the currents can be considered to be model turbidity currents. The data cover four bed conditions: plane bed, dunes, upstream‐migrating antidunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes. The bedload transport relation obtained from the data is very similar to those obtained for open‐channel flows and, in fact, is fitted well by an existing relation determined for open‐channel flows. In the case of dunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes, for which flow separation on the lee sides was observed, form drag falls in a range that is similar to that due to dunes in sand‐bed rivers. This form drag can be removed from the total bed shear stress using an existing relation developed for rivers. Once this form drag is subtracted, the bedload data for these cases collapse to follow the same relation as for plane beds and upstream‐migrating antidunes, for which no flow separation was observed. A relation for flow resistance developed for open‐channel flows agrees well with the data when adapted to density underflows. Comparison of the data with a regime diagram for field‐scale sand‐bed rivers at bankfull flow and field‐scale measurements of turbidity currents at Monterey Submarine Canyon, together with Shields number and densimetric Froude number similarity analyses, provide strong evidence that the experimental relations apply at field scale as well.     

中国晚前寒武纪微古植物研究

通过对近20年来微古植物研究成果的总结,得出如下五个结论:1)中国的晚前寒武纪发现了微古植物约128属,569种,可分为四大组合.2)长城系(14~18亿年左右)主要是以细菌和蓝藻为代表的原核细胞生物占有生物界的时期,但其中已有真核细胞生物出现.另外有Chuaria状等化石的出现和广泛分布.3)蓟县系(10~14亿年左右)是真核细胞中的高级藻类大量出现时期,红藻、褐藻,蓝藻相对减少.4)青白口系(8~10亿年左右)是褐藻植物相对繁盛时期,并有Chuaria及Shouhsienia等化石.5)震旦系下统(7~8亿年左右)生物群特征与青自口系相近似,仍以藻类植物为主,有少量后生动物.震旦系上统(6~7亿年左右)动物界和植物界都有显著变化,微古植物出现新的类型,后生植物和软躯体的后生动物大量繁衍,末期有海绵及个别软舌螺类等具骨骼的后生动物.寒武纪开始,有大量多门类小壳动物,植物界则有刺球藻亚群,这表明生物界已发展到一个新阶段.     

四川古蔺县蒿枝湾滑坡灾毁土地整理可行性研究

在野外调查四川省古蔺县近年来滑坡灾毁土地情况和特征的基础上,以蒿枝湾滑坡为例,分析蒿枝湾滑坡基本特征和灾毁土地现状,并从滑坡潜在稳定性、工程技术条件和社会经济效益等方面探讨滑坡灾毁土地整理的可行性.     

基坑支护组合钢支撑设计与施工技术

通过镇江市邮电通信指挥中心大楼深基坑工程的设计与施工,全面介绍了组合钢支撑在深基坑支护工程应用中的设计、施工方法及支撑效果.实践证明,组合钢支撑是一种施工方法简单、施工速度快、对周边环境影响小、安全可靠的支撑形式,具有较强的市场竞争能力及良好的推广应用前景.     

Advances in Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers and Long-Chain Alkyl Diols in the Marine Sediments: Implications for Paleoclimatic and Paleoenvironmental Changes

Lipid biomarkers widely dotted in marine sediments, as their distribution characteristics accurately record huge information on the metabolism of the original organisms and migration and transformation of these organic components, are often used to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions. This paper reviewed the progress in the study of paleoclimatic-environmental changes during the late Quaternary using abundant core lipids Glycerol Dialkyl Glyceryl Tetraethers (GDGTs) and long-chain alkyl diols in marginal sea sediments. It is pointed out that clarifying the “source-sink” process of lipid biomarkers buried in marine sediments is a prerequisite for paleoclimatic-environmental reconstruction. It is believed that the use of multiple indicators that are less affected by early diagenesis can increase the accuracy of reconstructing paleoclimatic changes. In the large-river dominated marginal seas, the mechanism of land-sea climate coupling evolution stimulated by the paleoclimatic-environmental changes can be elucidated based on paleoclimatic records reconstructed from core lipids GDGTs and long-chain alkyl diols in marine sediments. It is hoped that this paper can provide reliable technical means and a solid theoretical basis for predicting future temperature and rainfall changes.     

淮南矿区煤中12种微量元素的赋存状态及环境效应

为研究淮南矿区煤中微量元素的赋存状态和环境效应,在淮南矿区7个矿井共采集17个样品,采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定了12种微量元素的含量,分别利用聚类分析和因子分析,结合其地球化学性质,讨论了它们的赋存状态,并采用静态燃烧实验研究其挥发性。结果表明:研究的元素没有异常富集;Zn和Cu赋存于闪锌矿中,Cr、Pb和Cd被粘土矿物吸附,Ba可能赋存于铁白云石和方解石中,Ni、Mo、Co和As主要赋存于黄铁矿中,Be和Se以有机结合态存在;研究的元素大多不易挥发,但Zn和Pb易挥发,且含量较高,环境危害较大,Zn和Pb分别赋存于闪锌矿和粘土矿物中,可通过洗选脱除减小其危害。     

珊瑚礁工程地质研究进展

珊瑚礁是发育于热带海洋环境中由生物作用和地质作用共同形成的地质体,是一种特殊的岩土介质类型,有着独特的工程环境特性和工程地质性质。珊瑚礁工程地质研究是现代工程地质学的一个新课题,是近年来为适应珊瑚岛礁工程建设的需求而发展起来的。介绍了珊瑚礁工程地质研究的内容及意义,综述了国内外珊瑚礁工程地质研究的历史现状及其进展,指出应将珊瑚礁体作为工程岩体,进行工程地质环境区带划分及各区带工程地质条件评价;分析礁岩体结构特征和礁体稳定性及其影响因素;分析礁体工程适宜性、地基及其环境与工程活动相互关系。针对珊瑚礁岩土的土力学特点,加强珊瑚礁颗粒破碎机理及其对工程地质性质影响机制的研究;建立能够代表珊瑚礁应力—应变特性的本构关系。     

中国西部大尺度流域建立分带式融雪径流模拟模型

针对中国西部大尺度流域利用遥感信息进行的融雪径流模拟模型建立过程,提供以数字地形因子分析为手段的分区,分带方法。在ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ卫星云图为主要监测信息源的前提下,应用支持软件,解决了图像纠正,图形转为图像后再与图像匹配等问题。同时,根据研究得出雪象元之阈值,使用监督分类的训练样本方法统计出流域内雪盖面积及各带的雪盖面积百分比。作为应用和检验,对黄河上游的曲什安流域进行样本操作,分３个垂直带各     

四川大光包-黄洞子沟特大泥石流基本特征、成因及危险性评价

2013年7月8~10日四川省由于普降暴雨,发生多起泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害。在野外调查的基础上,对大光包-黄洞子沟特大泥石流形成原因进行分析,对未来发展趋势做出预测和危险性评价。调查结果表明:1大光包-黄洞子沟泥石流属于典型的沟谷型泥石流,可分为形成区-流通区-堆积区。2本次泥石流形成原因为体积高达1×108 m3以上的松散的大光包滑坡堆积体提供物源;极端的降雨气候直接启动松散堆积物形成泥石流;地形条件有利于泥石流侵蚀、搬运和堆积,为典型的滑坡-碎屑流-泥石流型,且仍处于活跃期,并在今后会有加强的趋势。3经过对大光包-黄洞子沟泥石流进行危险度评价可知:该泥石流危险度为0.482,属于中度危险泥石流。