西藏恰功铁矿岩浆演化序列及斑岩出溶流体特征

冈底斯成矿带是碰撞造山过程形成的最重要的成矿带,恰功矽卡岩铁(铜)矿床即位于冈底斯成矿带中部.本文在详细的野外地质填图和室内研究基础上确定了恰功铁矿与成矿有关的斑岩体为二长花岗斑岩,锆石的U-Pb定年结果为68.8±2.2 Ma,明显早于冈底斯东部与后碰撞伸展有关的斑岩型矿床和主碰撞期形成的矽卡岩型矿床,其应代表了冈底斯一次尚未被充分认识到的成矿事件.通过对成矿斑岩的岩石学、岩石化学、岩浆出溶流体的包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析及包裹体成分的LRM、LA-ICP-MS和PIXE分析,本文探讨了与该矽卡岩矿床有关的斑岩的岩浆起源、斑岩侵位机制及出溶流体特征.结果表明,成矿斑岩为矿区最早的侵入岩单元,具有壳幔源混源特征,其常量元素组成与冈底斯东部斑岩铜矿带的埃达克质岩相近,但稀土和微量元素组成与东部斑岩明显不同,为地幔物质上涌并诱发角闪岩相下地壳熔融的产物,岩体侵位深度大(>7 km)、剥蚀程度高.早期岩浆出溶的流体为高温、高压、高盐度流体,其中富含Fe、Pb、Zn、Cu等成矿金属,与世界其他斑岩铜矿床相比,相对富铁、铅而贫铜.流体的沸腾作用发生于钾硅化阶段,形成了一套富气、高盐、高固相和气液包裹体组合,不同于早期出溶流体的包裹体组合.从岩浆起源和出溶流体性质可以看出,该斑岩具有形成与斑岩有关的铁铅多金属矿床的成矿潜力,但从该矿区地表出露的蚀变和包裹体测压结果可以看出,该斑岩体目前剥蚀深度较大,对斑岩型矿床保存不利,对该斑岩体及与成矿关系的认识对理解该区内的矿床成因和指导区域找矿具有重要的指示意义.     

Geology of the Blue Lagoon

The geology of the Blue Lagoon, Abereiddy Bay, South Wales, has been studied for over a hundred years, and is the type locality for the Abereiddian sub‐stage of the Darriwilian (Ordovician), due to its outstanding fossil assemblages. Despite the work done on the Blue Lagoon, its geological significance has not yet been examined. Strata preserved at the Blue Lagoon comprises Avalonian volcanics and marine sediments. This feature examines Avalonia's palaeogeography, the structure and stratigraphy of Abereiddy Bay and the global significance of the geology at these classic localities.     

Postrevolutionary land encroachments in Cairo: Rhizomatic urban space making and the line of flight from illegality

After the January 2011 revolution, new and unpermitted constructions on previously empty land went up across Cairo at striking speed. This paper explores a case of such land encroachments carried out by waste collectors in the neighbourhood of Manshiet Nasser in Cairo, Egypt. It begins with theoretical debates about the production of urban space, arguing that the de Certeauian paradigm, in which urban marginals poach or hijack others' spaces evanescently, fails to account for the way such encroachments produce permanent new spaces rhizomatically alongside the pre‐existing order. The paper then turns to a close examination of the events in Manshiet Nasser. Although in a broad view the actors are marginals living in the ‘informal’ city, the conditions enabling the encroachments were such that only the wealthiest and most powerful members of the ‘community’ benefitted. In a context of generalized ‘illegality’, the squatters rely on practical norms and de facto recognitions to obtain some degree of tenure security. Since these efforts rely on and play off legal norms even as the squatters violate them, the paper argues that property rights in this context should be understood not in classificatory terms based on the legal/illegal binary, but rather through a trajectory of ‘becoming‐legal’: a ‘line of flight’ that approaches legality asymptotically.     

A fungal epizootic in mussels at a deep-sea hydrothermal vent

Mass mortalities due to disease are important determinants of population and community structure in marine ecosystems, but the speed at which an epizootic may sweep through a population, combined with rapid selection for disease‐resistant stocks, can mask the ecological impact of disease in all but the most closely monitored populations. We document an emergent epizootic event in the deep sea that is occurring in mussels (Bathymodiolus brevior) at the Mussel Hill hydrothermal vent in Fiji Basin and we identify the causal agent as a black yeast (order Chaetothyriales) that elicits a pronounced host immune response and is associated with tissue deterioration. The yeast was not observed in other invertebrate taxa (the gastropods Ifremeria nautilei, Alviniconcha aff. hessleri; the limpets Lepetodrilus schrolli, Symmetromphalus aff. hageni; the polychaetes Branchipolynoe pettiboneae, Amphisamytha cf. galapagensis) associated with the mussel bed, nor in mussels (Bathymodiolus brevior) collected from adjacent Lau Basin mussel beds. Massive mussel mortality resulting from the fungal infection is anticipated at the Mussel Hill site in Fiji Basin; we expect that epizootic outbreaks in dense invertebrate communities have the potential to be major determinants of community structure in deep‐sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. The possibility that submersible assets may serve as vectors for transport of the fungus warrants further attention.     

Investigating cross-contamination of aquifers

Shallow aquifers can cross-contaminate deeper aquifers through penetration of an intervening aquitard, via sandy intervals in the aquitard, along well casings, across long well screens, or around aquitard pinchouts. Distinguishing among these potential pathways requires the use of evaluation tools that may support or eliminate certain pathways. These tools include groundwater gradient and aquitard penetration calculations, aquifer pumping test interpretation techniques, chemical concentration plots and statistical methods, hydraulic conductivity-based travel time calculations, pumping-concentration tests, methods for evaluating leaky wells, and methods for evaluating aquitard continuity. Based on analysis of several of these techniques at three sites experiencing aquifer cross-contamination, the authors conclude that calculation of flow rates for various pathways is the single most useful method to confirm or refute specific pathways. Evaluation of leaky wells and aquitard continuity generally must be coupled with other tools to adequately test specific pathways. While fingerprinting, statistical analysis or ratio analysis of contaminants from various sources and receptors was not completed for any of the evaluated sites, the authors believe that these techniques have strong potential for confirming or eliminating pathways. Future research in this area is suggested. Furthermore, the interpretation of pumping-concentration tests is not well developed and needs further assessment.

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Resumen Acuíferos someros pueden ocasionar contaminación transversal de acuíferos profundos mediante la penetración de un acuitardo intermedio, a través de intervalos arenosos en el acuitardo, a lo largo del revestimiento de pozos, o en las inmediaciones de lentes de acuitardos. Para distinguir entre estas trayectorias potenciales se requiere el uso de herramientas de evaluación que pueden apoyar o eliminar ciertas trayectorias. Estas herramientas incluyen cálculos de gradientes de agua subterránea y penetración de acuitardos, técnicas de interpretación de pruebas de bombeo de acuíferos, diagramas de concentración química y métodos estadísticos, estimaciones de conductividad hidráulica en base al tiempo de viaje, pruebas de concentración de bombeo, métodos para evaluar pozos con fugas, y métodos para evaluar la continuidad de acuitardos. Basándose en el análisis de varias de estas técnicas en tres sitios que experimentan contaminación transversal de acuíferos, los autores concluyen que la estimación de ritmos de flujo para varias trayectorias es el único método más útil para confirmar o rechazar trayectorias de flujo específicas. La evaluación de pozos con fugas y continuidad de acuitardos generalmente debe estar acompañada con otras herramientas para probar adecuadamente trayectorias específicas. Aunque no se completó para ninguno de los sitios evaluados técnicas de huellas, análisis estadístico o análisis de relaciones de contaminantes de varias fuentes y receptores, los autores creen que estas técnicas tienen fuerte potencial en la confirmación o eliminación de trayectorias. Se sugiere investigación futura en esta área. Además, la interpretación de pruebas de concentración de bombeo no se ha desarrollado bien y necesita evaluación posterior.

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Résumé Les aquifères de surface peuvent contaminer les aquifères plus profonds à travers un aquitard, un intersection sableuse dans laquitard, le long des forages et de leur crépines, ou de la terminaison biseautée des aquitards. Distinguer et sélectionner ces différents modes de contamination nécessite lutilisation doutils dévaluation. Ces outils incluent le gradient découlement des eaux souterraines et le calcul de pénétration des aquitards, les techniques dinterprétation des essais de pompage, les méthodes dinterprétation chimiques et de traitement statistique, les calculs des temps de transferts sur base de la conductivité, les tests de pompage couplé aux analyses de concentration, les méthodes pour évaluer linfiltration directe alimentant les forages, et les méthodes permettant dévaluer la continuité des aquitards. Basé sur lanalyse de plusieurs de ces techniques sur trois sites expérimentales présentant des contaminations transversale, les auteurs concluent que le calcul des rapports découlement est la méthode la plus simple pour confirmer ou refuser les voies spécifiques. Alors que le traçage, les analyses statistiques et les analyses de la contamination provenant de différentes sources et récepteurs nétait pas complètes pour la plus part des différents sites évalués nétaient pas compléments certains, les auteurs croient que ces techniques ont un potentiel fort pour confirmer ou éliminer ces techniques. Des recherches futures dans cette zone est suggérée. Par ailleurs, linterprétation des tests de pompage couplés à lanalyse des concentrations nest pas développée et nécessite de meilleurs estimations.

     

Discourse and desalination: Potential impacts of proposed climate change adaptation interventions in the Arizona–Sonora border region

The specter of climate change threatens fresh water resources along the U.S.–Mexico border. Water managers and planners on both sides of the border are promoting desalination—the conversion of seawater or brackish groundwater to fresh water—as an adaptation response that can help meet growing water demands and buffer against the negative impacts of climate change on regional water supplies. However, the uneven distribution of costs and benefits of this expensive, energy-intensive technology is likely to exacerbate existing social inequalities in the border zone. In this paper, we examine the discourses employed in the construction of the climate problem and proposed solutions. We focus our analysis on a proposed Arizona–Sonora binational desalination project and use insights from risk and hazards literature to analyze how, why, and to what effect desalination is emerging as a preferred climate change adaptation response. Our risk analysis shows that while desalination technology can reduce some vulnerabilities (e.g., future water supply), it can also introduce new vulnerabilities by compounding the water-energy nexus, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, inducing urban growth, producing brine discharge and chemical pollutants, shifting geopolitical relations of water security, and increasing water prices. Additionally, a high-tech and path-dependent response will likely result in increased reliance on technical expertise, less opportunity for participatory decision-making and reduced flexibility. The paper concludes by proposing alternative adaptation responses that can offer greater flexibility, are less path dependent, incorporate social learning, and target the poorest and most vulnerable members of the community. These alternatives can build greater adaptive capacity and ensure equity.     

New insights into the heterogeneity of the Tagish Lake meteorite: Soluble organic compositions of variously altered specimens

The Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite exhibits a unique compositional heterogeneity that may be attributed to varying degrees of aqueous alteration within the parent body asteroid. Previous analyses of soluble organic compounds from four Tagish Lake meteorite specimens (TL5b, TL11h, TL11i, TL11v) identified distinct distributions and isotopic compositions that appeared to be linked to their degree of parent body processing (Herd et al. 2011; Glavin et al. 2012; Hilts et al. 2014). In the present study, we build upon these initial observations and evaluate the molecular distribution of amino acids, aldehydes and ketones, monocarboxylic acids, and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, including compound‐specific δ¹³C compositions, for three additional Tagish Lake specimens: TL1, TL4, and TL10a. TL1 contains relatively high abundances of soluble organics and appears to be a moderately altered specimen, similar to the previously analyzed TL5b and TL11h lithologies. In contrast, specimens TL4 and TL10a both contain relatively low abundances of all of the soluble organic compound classes measured, similar to TL11i and TL11v. The organic‐depleted composition of TL4 appears to have resulted from a relatively low degree of parent body aqueous alteration. In the case of TL10a, some unusual properties (e.g., the lack of detection of intrinsic monocarboxylic acids and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons) suggest that it has experienced extensive alteration and/or a distinct organic‐depleted alteration history. Collectively, these varying compositions provide valuable new insights into the relationships between asteroidal aqueous alteration and the synthesis and preservation of soluble organic compounds.