Discussion on applying an analytical method to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters for underground water pipelines in seasonally frozen areas

Adopting the quasi-three-dimensional (Quasi-3D) numerical method to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters of an underground pipeline usually involves heavy numerical calculations. Here, the fitting formulae between the safe conveyance distance (SCD) of a water pipeline and six influencing factors are established based on the lowest water temperature (LWT) along the pipeline axis direction. With reference to the current widely used anti-freeze design approaches for underground pipelines in seasonally frozen areas, this paper first analyzes the feasibility of applying the maximum frozen penetration (MFP) instead of the mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST) and soil water content (SWC) to calculate the SCD. The results show that the SCD depends on the buried depth if the MFP is fixed and the variation of the MAGST and SWC combination does not significantly change the SCD. A comprehensive formula for the SCD is established based on the relationships between the SCD and several primary influencing factors and the interaction among them. This formula involves five easy-to-access parameters: the MFP, buried depth, pipeline diameter, flow velocity, and inlet water temperature. A comparison between the analytical method and the numerical results based on the Quasi-3D method indicates that the two methods are in good agreement overall. The analytic method can be used to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters of underground water pipelines in seasonally frozen areas under the condition of a 1.5 safety coefficient.     

青岛海岸线规划利用与城市发展

青岛城市形成发展仅有百余年时间,城市空间布局沿海岸线展开,外贸港口、海洋科研、风景旅游等特色产业为城市发展的主要动力,海岸线规划利用对城市发展有着极其重要的意义。通过对青岛城市空间沿海岸线拓展的研览,深入分析了影响青岛城市发展的主要因素,论证了未来青岛海岸线的规划构思,阐明了在未来城市海岸线规划的指导下城市的发展方向．     

暴雨山洪灾害预警方法研究进展

暴雨山洪灾害预警是中小流域山洪灾害防控体系的薄弱环节,也是决定山洪灾害防控成败的关键。论文围绕山洪灾害预警的核心问题,从中国山洪灾害区域差异特征、山洪灾害预警技术方法、山洪灾害概率预警现状3个方面进行了综述。中国山洪灾害分布存在明显的时空差异,因此有必要根据山洪灾害的区域差异发展有针对性的预警方法。以临界雨量为指标的雨量预警是目前中国中小流域暴雨山洪灾害预警的主要技术手段,但常规方法仅给出一个(组)确定的临界雨量阈值,导致预警结果存在突出的不确定性问题。概率预警可以定量评估诸多不确定性,给出山洪灾害概率预警结果,因此具备很好的理论优势与潜在应用价值。论文展望了山洪灾害概率预警未来的研究重点与方向：(1)充分挖掘暴雨洪水样本信息,开展山洪灾害概率预警基础方法与技术集成研究;(2)加强非平稳性条件下的临界雨量阈值估算与山洪灾害概率预警研究;(3)综合考虑预警阈值发生概率及其致灾概率,优化“多级预警、多级响应”技术方法,推进山洪灾害综合预警业务系统建设与应用。     

春季黄海海域颗粒有机碳的分布特征及影响因素

依据2010年4～5月黄海的现场调查资料,分析了黄海颗粒有机碳(Particulate organic carbon,POC)的分布特征及影响因素。结果表明,2010年春季黄海POC浓度范围为78.11～9 189.00μg/L,平均浓度为(413.59±794.23)μg/L;北黄海和南黄海POC分布都呈现表层低、底层高的垂直分布特征和近岸高、远岸低的平面分布特征。其中,北黄海POC的高值区南部近岸水体,主要受陆源输入的影响,北黄海POC的低值区主要位于其中部表层水体,主要由于浮游植物现场生产受限所致;南黄海POC高值区主要位于受沿岸流和陆源输入影响显著的苏北沿岸,底层高值主要与浮游植物碎屑沉降和沉积物再悬浮有关,低值区主要集中在南黄海中部海域,亦由于浮游植物现场生产受限所致。PN的分布趋势和影响因素与POC相一致。     

生态文明建设下海洋空间规划体系的构建研究

海洋空间规划是重要的海洋空间管理工具,构建科学高效的海洋空间规划体系是海洋生态文明建设的重要组成部分。文章基于对海洋空间规划及其体系的基本认知,结合国家生态文明建设和海洋空间治理需求,提出海洋空间规划体系构建的时代背景、着力点和基本路径。研究表明,海洋空间规划体系是由各类海洋空间规划组成的,具有一定逻辑组织关系的管理制度集合,是海洋空间发展与资源环境管制的基础性机制集合;其构建应满足时代发展要求和海洋空间治理需求,体现国家海洋生态文明意志和海洋空间治理现代化,以总结多样化实践、建立完善协调机制和统一技术体系为基本路径。     

省级基础测绘DLG产品质量控制

由于自身的复杂性,省级基础测绘DLG产品一直以来都是质量控制的重点和难点。"十三五"期间,基础测绘DLG产品更新具有了新的特点,不可控因素显著增加,严格进行省级DLG产品质量控制变得非常必要。该文总结了"十二五"期间DLG产品质量控制的可行经验,通过分析省级DLG产品基本内容,指出了DLG产品主要质量问题,提出了保障质量的对策建议。     

宁夏香山荒漠草原区植物群落多样性时空特征

采用多个多样性指数对宁夏香山荒漠草原区植物群落多样性时间、空间动态进行分析。结果表明，该地区群落时、空动态特征不明显。长期过度放牧导致环境恶化，生境碎化，这些作用的长期性、循环性是造成物种、群落格局与原有时、空动态规律相悖的主要因素，这些因素消除了物种或群落在时间梯度上应有的变化规律。干旱山地物种在长期进化过程中成功的发展了对环境的适应机制，环境的波动性强烈导致了群落多样性在原来消长动态基础上的复杂化，也使多样性动态机制复杂化。应用多种指数数学模型对研究对象进行综合评价，能够真实地反映群落多样性动态。     

Seasonal variation of suspended-sediment transport through the southern Bohai Strait

Based on field observations made in winter 2006 and summer 2007 and on multiscene MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) imagery, the seasonal variation of suspended-sediment transport in the southern Bohai Strait and its possible mechanisms are examined. The field observations in two different seasons allow an exponential empirical model to be used to retrieve suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) from MODIS imagery. Both the field-survey data and the MODIS-derived SSC show that the sediment transport in the southern Bohai Strait has a significant seasonal variation due to the seasonally varying thermohaline structure of the water column and the hydrodynamics resulting from the seasonally alternating monsoons. The SSC in winter is approximately 3–10 times higher than in summer. Considering the seasonal variation of water flux (WF) and SSC, the annual sediment flux (SSF) through the southern Bohai Strait is estimated to be approximately 40.0 Mt yr⁻¹, about 4–8 times previous estimates, which did not take into account seasonal variation. Although the Huanghe (Yellow River) discharges a large amount of sediment in the summer, the SSF through the southern Bohai Strait in the winter (∼32.0 Mt) is about 4 times greater than it is in the summer. The strong seasonal variability of SSF through the southern Bohai Strait indicates that strong resuspension along the coast of the Huanghe delta in winter and enhanced longshore transport by coastal currents due to winter monsoon activity might be the major mechanisms of cross-strait transport of sediment in winter.     

Screening white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-resistant molecular markers from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis>

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-resistant molecular markers were screened from the selectively bred new variety ‘Huanghai No. 2’ of Fenneropenaeus chinensis using unlabeled-probe high-resolution melting (HRM) technique. After the artificial infection with WSSV, the first 96 dead shrimps and the last 96 surviving shrimps were collected, representing WSSV-susceptible and -resistant populations, respectively. The genotypes at well-developed 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci were obtained. As revealed in the Chi-square test, 3 SNPs, genotype A/A of contig C364-89AT, genotype A/A of C2635-527CA and genotype C/T of contig C12355-592CT, were positively correlated with disease-resistance traits. Other 2 SNPs, genotype G/G of contig C283-145AG and genotype C/C of contig C12355-592CT, were negatively correlated. Moreover, analysis with BlastX program for disease-resistant SNPs indicated that 3 contigs, Contig283, Contig364 and Contig12355, matched to the functional genes of effector caspase of Penaeus monodon, peptide transporter family 1-like protein, and 40S ribosomal protein S2 of Perca flavescens with high sequence similarity. The results will be helpful to provide theoretical and technical supports for molecular marker-assisted selective breeding of F. chinensis.     

塔里木河源区冰川系统变化趋势预测

塔里木河源区是我国冰川分布最集中的地区之一,总面积达17 745.51 km2,占全国冰川总面积的30%;同时本区又属于我国升温幅度最大的地区之一。应用冰川系统变化的功能模型,对塔里木河源区冰川系统在本世纪对气候变化的趋势进行预测。结果表明:到2050年,如气温比1961~1990年高出1.9~2.3℃,本区冰川面积将减少4%~6%,冰川径流将增加22%~34%,零平衡线将上升62~94 m;如此升温率持续到本世纪末,则本区冰川面积将减少10%~16%,冰川径流将会回落,但仍比本世纪初多11%~13%,零平衡线将上升156~233 m。