含油多孔介质二维弥散特性初步研究

为了研究含油多孔介质的二维水动力弥散特性,控制砂土中柴油和机油含油率为0、1%、2%,作为供试的含油多孔介质,采用自己设计的二维水动力弥散试验装置测定示踪剂(氯化钙)的穿透曲线,并定量确定了含油砂土的有效孔隙度、纵向弥散度、横向弥散度以及砂土中孔隙水的流速。试验结果表明,有效孔隙度随石油含量的增加而减小,而且含柴油砂土的有效孔隙度减小比含机油砂土更加显著;在纵向上,示踪剂浓度峰值的到达时间和峰值浓度的大小主要取决于孔隙水流速的大小,孔隙水流速越大,示踪剂达到浓度峰值的时间越短,且峰值浓度越大;含机油砂土的纵向弥散度小于清洁砂土,而含柴油砂土的纵向弥散度大于清洁砂土;不同含油率砂土的纵向弥散度变化范围为0.133～0.370cm,横向弥散度变化范围为9.83×10-3～4.64×10-2 cm,纵向弥散度均大于其横向弥散度。     

鲁中南隆起区第四纪晚期断裂活动特征

根据野外调查，并综合前人的研究资料，对鲁中南地区第四纪晚期断裂活动进行了分析，研究表明，鲁中南隆起区第四纪断裂活动具有时空不均匀性，主要表现为第四纪时期断层活动强度变化和断裂活动的群集性以及第四纪晚期断裂活动段分布的局限性上。对于鲁中南地区而言，活动断层可以分为中更新世中期（500kaBP)至晚更新世初期（90kaBP)活断层和晚更新世中、晚期至全新世早期活断层两类；其中前一类（主要是中更新世断裂）断裂数量较多，分布较为广泛，而晚更新世晚期以来的活动断裂段的数量较少，分布较局限。它们对地震的控制能力不同，前者可控制5．5级左右的地震，而后一类可控制6－7级地震的发生。     

Optical properties of the red tide in Isahaya Bay,southwestern Japan: Influence of chlorophyll a concentration

Remote sensing reflectance [R _rs(λ)] and absorption coefficients of red tides were measured in Isahaya Bay, southwestern Japan, to investigate differences in the optical properties of red tide and non-red tide waters. We defined colored areas of the sea surface, visualized from shipboard, as “red tides”. Peaks of the R _rs(λ) spectra of non-red tide waters were at 565 nm, while those of red tides shifted to longer wavelengths (589 nm). The spectral shape of R _rs(λ) was close to that of the reciprocal of the total absorption coefficient [1/a(λ)], implying that the R _rs(λ) peak is determined by absorption. Absorption coefficients of phytoplankton [a _ph(λ)], non-pigment particles and colored dissolved organic matter increased with increasing chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), and those coefficients were correlated with Chl a for both red tide and non-red tide waters. Using these relationships between absorption coefficients and Chl a, variation in the spectrum of 1/a(λ) as a function of Chl a was calculated. The peak of 1/a(λ) shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing Chl a. Furthermore, the relative contribution of a _ph(λ) to the total absorption in red tide water was significantly higher than in non-red tide water in the wavelength range 550–600 nm, including the peak. Our results show that the variation of a _ph(λ) with Chl a dominates the behavior of the R _rs(λ) peak, and utilization of R _rs(λ) peaks at 589 and 565 nm may be useful to discriminate between red tide and non-red tide waters by remote sensing.     

斜坡式防波护岸断面形式的实验研究

从某一大型工程中的邻海区域江堤加固工程的各种方案比较出发,分析讨论了这类工程结构形式受波浪作用的情况及结构物设计中方案比选的有关问题。     

Formation and Movement of the ESIW as Modeled by MICOM

The presence of the minimum salinity and oxygen-rich East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) off Korean coast has raised many questions about its origin and movement. This study attempts to answer these questions in the context of numerical model. For this, the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model is used with surface and inflow boundary conditions based on available data. Model results show that the ESIW forms most distinctly off Vladivostok, where the center of doming structure is observed, and moves southward along Korean coast forming a large cyclonic gyre around the doming. The renewed ESIW has the character of minimum potential vorticity common to usual mode waters. These results are compatible with various indications made in previous observational and theoretical studies. However, it is not known whether the doming structure is a result of convection or the latter is favored by the former. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大黄鱼白细胞介素17受体E-like的分子特征及进化分析

白细胞介素17受体(Interleukin 17 receptor,IL-17R)家族与IL-17细胞因子家族介导的各类反应有着密切联系.IL-17RE-like(IL-17REL)是一类最新发现的IL-17受体,其结构与IL-17RE相似,但尚未发现其配体.本研究克隆得到大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)IL-17REL(Lyc IL-17REL)的全长c DNA,其开放阅读框全长1 659个核苷酸,推断可编码一个由552个氨基酸组成的蛋白,含有信号肽、胞外段、跨膜区和胞内段.与其他物种的IL-17REL相似,Lyc IL-17REL蛋白的胞外段具有一个保守的FN I-like结构域,而胞内段缺少IL-17受体家族保守的SEFIR(SEF and IL-17R)结构域.多序列比对分析表明Lyc IL-17REL与日本河豚(Takifugu rubripes)IL-17REL的氨基酸序列同源性最高,序列一致性可达57.0%.系统进化分析表明,脊椎动物的IL-17受体家族可分为2类,IL-17RA/RB/RD为一类,IL-17RC/RE/REL为一类.其中鱼类及高等脊椎动物的IL-17REL与IL-17RE亲缘关系最近,并且推测二者可能是由同一基因从硬骨鱼类之前的物种中分化而来.组织分布表明Lyc IL-17REL在所有被检测的组织中为组成型表达,在黏膜相关组织如小肠和鳃中的表达量最高.大黄鱼受嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)诱导刺激后,Lyc IL-17REL在其头肾及鳃中的基因转录水平均显著上调.这表明Lyc IL-17REL可能在细菌感染引起的免疫反应中起着重要作用.     

长江中下游夏季降水与西北太平洋海温的耦合模态分析

利用NOAA_ERSST海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160站降水资料,借用多种统计方法研究了夏季长江中下游地区降水与西北太平洋的耦合关系.奇异值分解(SVD)和相关分析显示出长江中下游夏季降水与西北太平洋夏季海表温度(以下简称"海温")密切相关,而与其他海区没有明显的关系,并且这种关系主要反映年代际变化;夏季多变量经验正交函数展开(MV-EOF)分析结果证明夏季长江中下游降水、东亚-太平洋地区上空850hPa风场、西北太平洋海温之间存在显著的耦合模态,这种耦合模态反映出长江中下游夏季降水异常偏多时,东亚-太平洋上空自南向北有异常的反气旋、气旋、反气旋波列(即东亚-太平洋型遥相关或P-J波列),东亚夏季风偏弱、北界位置偏南.依赖季节的多变量经验正交函数展开(SRMV-EOF)分析结果表明,长江中下游夏季降水与西北太平洋的耦合模态与前期ENSO密切相关:前一年秋季,赤道东太平洋开始出现ENSO信号,冬季发展成熟,同时在菲律宾以东的西北太平洋上空有一个反气旋形成;春季,ENSO开始减弱,西北太平洋出现暖海温异常,反气旋发展;夏季,ENSO信号消失,西北太平洋异常暖海温范围扩大,反气旋发展很强,同时在东亚-太平洋上空出现P-J波列,华南上空的西南风与来自北方的偏北风在长江中下游地区辐合,造成长江中下游夏季降水偏多.     

上覆硬质保护层海底管道检测技术探讨

海底管道在油气工业中发挥着重要作用,为保障其安全运营必须定期进行检测掌握其在海底的状态。有的海底管道在铺设时为其安全考虑,在海底管道上方覆盖了抛石等硬质保护层,这样就导致在海底管道定期检测时一些检测仪器难以探测到硬质保护层下海底管道的位置和埋深,而浅地层剖面仪和磁力仪仍然可以不同程度地实现这种情况下的海底管道检测。文中对浅地层剖面仪和磁力仪的原理进行了介绍并对其在上覆抛石等硬质保护层海底管道检测中的应用进行了分析探讨。分析结果表明浅地层剖面仪和磁力仪组成的综合检测系统对上覆硬质保护层的海底管道探测有一定效果,可查明海硬质保护层下海底管道的位置和埋深,为海底管道的安全管理和维护提供数据支持,也可为其他类似海底管道检测提供参考。     

The prediction of traveling jet trenching in stiff clay based on the erosion failure mechanism

The performance of traveling jet trenching in stiff clay was tested. All the key parameters varied in the experiment, including the jet velocity, the shear strength of clay, the diameter of the nozzle, and the translational velocity of the nozzle. The jet–soil interface was found to be an arc. An equation was given to describe the interface. On the basis of the erosion failure mechanism, a new method is presented for predicting jet trenching depth. We first calculated the trajectory of the jet–soil interface and then predicted the distribution of the boundary layer shear stress along the jet–soil interface. The point where the wall shear stress was equal to the critical shear strength of clay was the ultimate trenching depth. The predictive results were found to fit the experimental results well.     

Behavior of soil plugs in open‐ended model piles driven into sands

Calibration chamber tests were conducted on open‐ended model piles driven into dried siliceous sands with different soil conditions in order to clarify the effect of soil conditions on load transfer mechanism in the soil plug. The model pile used in the test series was devised so that the bearing capacity of an open‐ended pile could be measured as three components: outside shaft resistance, plug resistance, and tip resistance. Under the assumption that the unit shaft resistance due to pile‐soil plug interaction varies linearly near the pile tip, the plug resistance was estimated. The plug capacity, which was defined as the plug resistance at ultimate condition, is mainly dependent on the ambient lateral pressure and relative density. The length of wedged plug that transfers the load decreases with the decrease of relative density, but it is independent of the ambient pressure and penetration depth. Under several assumptions, the value of earth pressure coefficient in the soil plug can be calculated. It gradually reduces with increase in the longitudinal distance from the pile tip. At the bottom of the soil plug, it tends to decrease with increase in the penetration depth and relative density, and to increase with the increase of ambient pressure. This may be attributed to (1) the decrease of friction angle as a result of increase in the effective vertical stress, (2) the difference in the dilation degree of the soil plug during driving with ambient pressures, and (3) the difference in compaction degree of soil plug during driving with relative densities. Based on the test results, an empirical equation was suggested to compute the earth pressure coefficient to be used in the calculation of plug capacity using one‐dimensional analysis, and it produces proper plug capacities for all soil conditions.