Seasonal dynamics and exports of elements from a first‐order stream to a large inland lake in Michigan

Headwater streams are critical components of drainage systems, directly connecting terrestrial and downstream aquatic ecosystems. The amount of water in a stream can alter hydrologic connectivity between the stream and surrounding landscape and is ultimately an important driver of what constituents headwater streams transport. There is a shortage of studies that explore concentration–discharge (C‐Q) relationships in headwater systems, especially forested watersheds, where the hydrological and ecological processes that control the processing and export of solutes can be directly investigated. We sought to identify the temporal dynamics and spatial patterns of stream chemistry at three points along a forested headwater stream in Northern Michigan and utilize C‐Q relationships to explore transport dynamics and potential sources of solutes in the stream. Along the stream, surface flow was seasonal in the main stem, and perennial flow was spatially discontinuous for all but the lowest reaches. Spring snowmelt was the dominant hydrological event in the year with peak flows an order of magnitude larger at the mouth and upper reaches than annual mean discharge. All three C‐Q shapes (positive, negative, and flat) were observed at all locations along the stream, with a higher proportion of the analytes showing significant relationships at the mouth than at the mid or upper flumes. At the mouth, positive (flushing) C‐Q shapes were observed for dissolved organic carbon and total suspended solids, whereas negative (dilution) C‐Q shapes were observed for most cations (Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) and biologically cycled anions (NO₃^?, PO₄^3?, SO₄^2?). Most analytes displayed significant C‐Q relationships at the mouth, indicating that discharge is a significant driving factor controlling stream chemistry. However, the importance of discharge appeared to decrease moving upstream to the headwaters where more localized or temporally dynamic factors may become more important controls on stream solute patterns.     

碳酸盐岩油气田古岩溶研究及其在油气勘探开发中的应用

古岩溶为地质历史时期而非现代营力环境下形成的岩溶,深岩溶为不受地表侵蚀基准面控制环境条件下的深埋藏岩溶作用。碳酸盐岩储层储集空间主要有溶蚀孔洞、溶缝等,非均质性明显,空间分布规律复杂,经历了漫长的岩溶作用过程,油气储集规律复杂。油气田碳酸盐岩的内在因素(结构成因类型、物理力学性质等)以及各地质历史时期所处的地质环境构成古岩溶的形成条件与影响控制因素。本文将古岩溶的形成机制及其与油气聚集关系作为研究重点与突破口,系统研究了古岩溶和深岩溶的形成条件、影响控制因素与发育特征,最终实现了预测油气聚集有利发育区目标。     

Sources of land-derived runoff to a coral reef-fringed embayment identified using geochemical tracers in nearshore sediment traps

Geochemical tracers, including Ba, Co, Th, ⁷Be, ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb, and magnetic properties were used to characterize terrestrial runoff collected in nearshore time-series sediment traps in Hanalei Bay, Kauai, during flood and dry conditions in summer 2006, and to fingerprint possible runoff sources in the lower watershed. In combination, the tracers indicate that runoff during a flood in August could have come from cultivated taro fields bordering the lower reach of the river. Land-based runoff associated with summer floods may have a greater impact on coral reef communities in Hanalei Bay than in winter because sediment persists for several months. During dry periods, sediment carried by the Hanalei River appears to have been mobilized primarily by undercutting of low ⁷Be, low ¹³⁷Cs riverbanks composed of soil weathered from tholeiitic basalt with low Ba and Co concentrations. Following a moderate rainfall event in September, high ⁷Be sediment carried by the Hanalei River was probably mobilized by overland flow in the upper watershed. Ba-desorption in low-salinity coastal water limited its use to a qualitative runoff tracer in nearshore sediment. ²¹⁰Pb had limited usefulness as a terrestrial tracer in the nearshore due to a large dissolved oceanic source and scavenging onto resuspended bottom sediment. ²¹⁰Pb-scavenging does, however, illustrate the role resuspension could play in the accumulation of particle-reactive contaminants in nearshore sediment. Co and ¹³⁷Cs were not affected by desorption or geochemical scavenging and showed the greatest potential as quantitative sediment provenance indicators in material collected in nearshore sediment traps.     

Characterization of lake water and ground water movement in the littoral zone of Williams Lake,a closed‐basin lake in north central Minnesota

Williams Lake, Minnesota is a closed‐basin lake that is a flow‐through system with respect to ground water. Ground‐water input represents half of the annual water input and most of the chemical input to the lake. Chemical budgets indicate that the lake is a sink for calcium, yet surficial sediments contain little calcium carbonate. Sediment pore‐water samplers (peepers) were used to characterize solute fluxes at the lake‐water–ground‐water interface in the littoral zone and resolve the apparent disparity between the chemical budget and sediment data. Pore‐water depth profiles of the stable isotopes δ¹⁸O and δ²H were non‐linear where ground water seeped into the lake, with a sharp transition from lake‐water values to ground‐water values in the top 10 cm of sediment. These data indicate that advective inflow to the lake is the primary mechanism for solute flux from ground water. Linear interstitial velocities determined from δ²H profiles (316 to 528 cm/yr) were consistent with velocities determined independently from water budget data and sediment porosity (366 cm/yr). Stable isotope profiles were generally linear where water flowed out of the lake into ground water. However, calcium profiles were not linear in the same area and varied in response to input of calcium carbonate from the littoral zone and subsequent dissolution. The comparison of pore‐water calcium profiles to pore‐water stable isotope profiles indicate calcium is not conservative. Based on the previous understanding that 40–50 % of the calcium in Williams Lake is retained, the pore‐water profiles indicate aquatic plants in the littoral zone are recycling the retained portion of calcium. The difference between the pore‐water depth profiles of calcium and δ¹⁸O and δ²H demonstrate the importance of using stable isotopes to evaluate flow direction and source through the lake‐water–ground‐water interface and evaluate mechanisms controlling the chemical balance of lakes. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of a raw sewage spill on water and sediment quality in an urbanized estuary

A sewer main serving a large municipal wastewater system ruptured, discharging approximately 3,000,000 gallons (11,355,000 L) of raw human sewage into a multi-branched tidal creek estuary along the US East Coast. The biochemical oxygen demand caused severe hypoxia in the system, causing a large fish kill. The sewage load led to high fecal coliform bacteria concentrations in the creek (maximum of 270,000 CFU 100ml(-1)), which declined in an approximate logarithmic manner over the first few days. The spill caused elevated sediment fecal coliform bacteria and enterococcus counts that declined much more gradually than water column counts. Persistence of relatively high concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria in sediments for several weeks after the spill suggests that sediment sampling should be included in response to major sewage spills. The high concentration of nutrients in the spilled sewage led to several algal blooms. However, nutrient concentrations in the water column declined rapidly, demonstrating the value of conserving marshes because of their pollutant filtration function.     

"源热共控论":来自南海海域油气田"外油内气"环带有序分布的新认识

南海海域新生代经历印支—南海地台裂谷期、陆间裂谷期和区域沉降阶段,形成大陆架、大陆坡和洋壳区三大区域构造单元。围绕洋壳区,大陆坡和大陆架呈准环带状分布格局。沉积盆地主要分布在大陆架和大陆坡上,亦环绕中央洋壳区呈环带状分布。南海油气勘探活动于20世纪60年代末期开始,截至目前已发现数百个油气田,这些油气田主要分布在南部、北部和西部等大陆边缘。油气田分布主要呈大陆架或其近陆部分以油田为主、大陆坡（也包括邻近大陆架部分区域）以气田为主的“外油内气”特征。油环区凹陷烃源岩以中深湖相泥岩或深海相泥岩为主,沉积有机质以Ⅰ、Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,地壳相对较厚、热流值相对较低、烃源岩主要处在生油窗以内,烃类产物主要是原油。气环区生烃凹陷烃源岩以海陆过渡相泥岩和海相烃源岩为主,沉积有机质主要是Ⅱ2—Ⅲ型干酪根,地壳厚度相对较薄,热流值高,具“超热盆”特征,烃源岩以生气为主。油环区主力储层是砂岩,形成于湖相到浅海环境,存在多套储盖组合。气环区内带存在浅水沉积和深水沉积两套储盖组合,以深水扇和生物礁储层为主,盖层主要为海相泥岩。以300 m水深为界,油环带主要位于浅水区,勘探程度较高;内带气环主要位于陆架下部及陆坡区,勘探程度较低。南海海域勘探领域正在由浅水区向深水区发展。南海油气资源丰富,有望成为我国新的大油气区。     

Distribution and fate of metals in the Montenegrin part of Lake Skadar

Skadar Lake,the largest lake on the Balkan Peninsula,is famous for a wide range of endemic and rare,or even endangered plant and animal species.Different anthropogenic pressures have,however,influenced the fragile equilibria of the lake ecosystem,with metal pollution as one of the primary concerns.Therefore,this study investigated spatial distribution of metal pollutants in the water and sediment phase of Skadar Lake,and anthropogenic and environmental factors affecting this distribution.A sieving analysis showed that sediment in Skadar Lake is mainly distributed in the three smallest fractions（colloid,clay and silt）.Eleven metals were analyzed in the lake surface and bottom water,and only six of them were detected：potassium,magnesium,calcium,nickel,aluminum and manganese.They were all present at low concentrations.In contrast,sediments contained elevated levels of some metals with concentrations between 28.1-126.8 mg kg~（-1） for Ni,23.6-79.2 mg kg~（-1） for Cr,9.2-36.9 mg kg~（-1） for Cu,199-878 mg kg~（-1） for Mn and 9.6-23.1 g kg~（-1） for Fe.Nickel exceeded consensus-based guidelines for safety towards freshwater dwelling organisms.The organic matter content of the sediment fluctuated between 4.7 and 21.5%.No correlations were found between metal concentrations,organic matter and sediment particle size fractions,suggesting that the latter are not the main factors controlling metal accumulation in Skadar Lake.     

Interpreting fracture development from diagenetic mineralogy and thermoelastic contraction modeling

Four sets of thin-section scale, Mode I (open mode), cemented microfractures are present in sandstone from the Eocene Misoa Formation, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. The first set of microfractures is intragranular (F1), formed early during compaction and are filled with quartz cement precipitated at temperatures equal to or higher than 100 °C. The second set of microfractures (F2) is cemented by bituminite–pyrite, formed at temperatures between 60 and 100 °C, and are associated with kerogen maturation and hydrocarbon migration from underlying overpressured source rocks. The third set of microfractures (F3) is fully cemented by either quartz cement or calcite cement. The former has fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures between 149 and 175 °C. These temperatures are mostly higher than maximum burial temperatures (160 °C), suggesting that upward flow, caused by a pressure gradient, transported silica vertically which crystallized into the fractures. Upward decompression may have also caused a P_CO2 drop, which, at constant temperature, allowed simultaneous carbonate precipitation into the third microfracture set. The fourth set of thin-section scale microfractures (F4) is open or partially cemented by siderite–hematite and other iron oxides. The presence of hematite and iron oxides in microfractures is evidence for oxidizing conditions that may be associated with the uplift of the Misoa formation. In order to time and place constraints on the depth of formation of the fourth set of microfractures, we have coupled published quartz cementation kinetic algorithms with uniaxial strain equations and determined if, in fact, they could be associated with the uplift of the formation. Our results suggest that thermoelastic contraction, caused by the formation's uplift, erosion, and consequent cooling is a feasible mechanism for the origin of the last fracture set. Hence, we infer that meteoric water invasion into the fractures, at the end of the uplift, cause the precipitation of oxides and the transformation of siderite to hematite.